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Science For Physio Practise > Neurology > Flashcards

Neurology Flashcards

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1
Q

What makes up the CNS

A

Central Nervous System
- Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

What makes up the PNS

A

Peripheral Nervous System
-Lies outside the CNS
-Includes 12 cranial nerves, spinal nerves and root

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3
Q

Describe the sympathetic nervous system response

A

-Speeds up
-Fight or flight response and helps mobilise the body during activity

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4
Q

Describe the parasympathetic nervous system response

A
  • Slows down
  • Conserves energy and does housekeeping things whilst were at rest
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5
Q

Describe the Autonomic nervous system response

A
  • Involuntary
  • Does all the things that we need to be alive
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6
Q

Describe the brain

A
  • Average weight of the human brain is 1.3kg
  • Contains about 100 billion nerve cells connected to others
  • Each groove in the brain separating the lobes is called gyrus.
  • Hemispheric fissure divides the left and right brain
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7
Q

Describe the function of the frontal lobe

A
  • Problem solving
  • Emotional traits
  • Reasoning (judgment)
  • Speaking
  • Voluntary motor activity
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8
Q

Describe the function of the Parietal Lobe

A
  • Right from left
  • Reading
  • Sensation
  • Body orientation
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9
Q

Describe the function of the temporal lobe

A
  • Understanding language
  • Behaviour
  • Memory
  • Hearing
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10
Q

Describe the function of the Occipital lobe

A
  • Vision
  • Colour
  • Perception
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11
Q

Describe the function of the Cerebellum

A
  • Balance
  • Coordination and control of voluntary movement
  • Fine muscular
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12
Q

Describe the function of the brainstem

A
  • Breathing
  • Body Temperature
  • Digestion
  • Alertness
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13
Q

Explian the structure and function spine

A
  • Strong flexible column of ring- like bones
  • Originates at the base of the pelvis
  • Holds your body and head upright
  • Protects the spinal cord
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14
Q

Explain the structure and function of the spinal cord

A
  • Conducts motor information
  • Down the spinal cord
  • Sensory information travels up the spinal chord
  • Centre for coordinating reflexes
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15
Q

Describe the Basal Ganglia

A
  • Involved in the initiation, execution and regulation of gross intentional movements
  • Provides the background postural tone that allows fine movements e.g. of the hand
  • Inhibition of stretch reflexes to allow smooth movement
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16
Q

Describe the structure of Basal Ganglia

A
  • Consists of 5 interconnecting nuclei
    -Substantia nigra
    -Subthalamic nucleus
    -Globus pallidus
    -Putamen
    -Caudate nucleus
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17
Q

What does the Brain Stem consist of

A
  • Midbrain
  • Pons
  • Medulla
18
Q

What are the functions of the Brain Stem

A

-Alertness
-Arousal
-Breathing
-Blood Pressure
-Digestion
-Heart Rate and other Autonomic Functions

19
Q

Describe the structure of the Pons

A

Contains
- Nuclei of cranial nerves including (V) Trigeminal nerve and (VIl) Facial nerve which are involved in swallowing and also (VIll) Vestbulocochlear nerve involved in balance
- Nuclei pontis - small masses of grey matter.
- Longitudinal fires - corticopontine & corticospinal tracts

20
Q

Describe the structure of the Medulla Oblongata

A

Contains
- Olivary nucleus
- Decussation of sensory and motor tracts
- Visceral motor nuclei controlling autonomic activities / homeostasis

21
Q

What are the parts of the spinal cord

A

Segmented
-Cervical
-Thoracic
-Lumbar
-Sacral

22
Q

What is the spinal tract separated into

A
  • Corticospinal
  • Vestibulospinal Trait
  • Dorsal column
  • Spiniocerebellar
23
Q

Define the spinal tracts

A

Groups of axons found in the white matter columns of the spinal cord that carry specific information

24
Q

What do the ascending tracts do

A
  • Carry sensory information up the spinal cord to areas of the brain
25
Q

What do the descending tracts do

A
  • Carry motor information from the brain down to specific levels of the spinal cord
26
Q

What are the main ascending spinal tracts

A

Anterior and lateral spinothalamic tract

Fasciculus Gracilis and Fasciclus Cuneatus

Spino Cerebellar tract

27
Q

Describe the ascending tract Anterior and lateral spinothalamic tract

A
  • Carry conscious pain, temperature, crude touch and pressure
  • Carry info to the thalamus, then terminates to cerebral cortex
28
Q

Describe the ascending Fasciculus Gracilis and Fasciclus Cuneatus

A
  • Carry discriminative touch
  • Goes to medulla where synapses cross
  • Thalamus then to cerebral cortex for perception
29
Q

Describe the ascending Spino Cerebellar tract

A
  • Carries unconscious proprioception (muscle sense)
  • Fibres cross, don’t cross and innervate on same side of cerebellum
30
Q

What are the main descending spinal tracts

A

Anterial and lateral corticospinal

Extrapyramidal tracts (subcortical)

31
Q

Describe the descending Anterial and lateral corticospinal

A
  • corticospinal originate in cerebral cortex
  • Lateral crosses in medulla in area called pyramids
  • Anterior doesnt cross
    -called ‘upper motor neurones’
32
Q

Describe the descending Extrapyramidal tracts

A
  • balance and muscle tone
33
Q

What are Dermatomes

A
  • areas of skin on your body that rely on specific nerve connections on your spine
34
Q

What are Myotomes

A
  • the group of muscles that a single spinal nerve innervates (supplies with nerves)
35
Q

What are the 4 types of neurones

A
  • Bipolar
  • Unipolar
  • Multipolar
  • Pyramidal
36
Q

What impacts nerve conduction

A
  • Myelin = Gilia cells wrap around nerve axon
    = Facilitate electrical current flow
  • Nerve Diameter = Larger diameter is associated with increased conduction velocity
  • Neurotransmitters = Diffuse across synapse and binds with postsynaptic membrane
37
Q

Describe the structure of an axon

A
  • Dendrites
  • Nucleus
  • Mitochondria
  • Cell body
38
Q

How do neurones communicate with eachother

A
  • Synaptic junctions
  • Saltatory conduction
  • All or nothing response
  • Chemical synapses
39
Q

Define reflexes

A

Involuntary movement response to a stimulus

40
Q

What is stretch reflex

A

muscles contract in response to stretch

41
Q

What do the muscle spindles do

A
  • Responds to stretch
  • sensory neurone synapses and motor neurones in spinal cord
  • innervates the muscle which muscle spindle is embedded

Science For Physio Practise (15 decks)

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