Cardiovascular Q's for assessment Flashcards
List and in a single sentence describe the function of each major components of the
heart and its associated vessels
- Left/Right atrium = receives oxygenated/deoxygenated blood, fills up during relaxation pushes blood to Left/right ventricle
- Right/Left ventricles = receives blood during relaxation from atrium, pushes blood to lungs or body
- Aorta = carries blood away from your heart to the rest of your body
- Superior vena cava = returns deoxygenated blood collected from the body to the right atrium
- Inferior vena cava = responsible for the transport deoxygenated blood from the lower extremities back to the right atrium of the heart for oxygenation
- Pulmonary artery = which takes oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs where it is oxygenated
- Pulmonary vein = which brings oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the heart
In a paragraph describe how blood moves through our cardiovascular system and becomes
oxygenated
- Deoxygenated blood from the body
- Flows into Superior/ Inferior Vena Cava
- Reaches the right atrium
- Atrium push the flow through the Tricuspid valve into right ventricle
- Flow into pulmonary valve
- Pulmonary artery to the lungs associates with haemoglobin
List the order blood passes through the chamber of the heart
Blood enters the right atrium and passes through the right ventricle. The right ventricle pumps the blood to the lungs where it becomes oxygenated. The oxygenated blood is brought back to the heart by the pulmonary veins which enter the left atrium. From the left atrium blood flows into the left ventricle.
define or describe systole
contraction of the ventricles of the heart
define or describe diastole
relaxation of ventricles of heart
define or describe Vein
blood vessels located throughout your body that collect oxygen-poor blood and return it to your heart
define or describe venules
the smallest veins and receive blood from capillaries. They also play a role in the exchange of oxygen and nutrients for water products
define or describe Artery
blood vessels that distribute oxygen-rich blood to your entire body
define or describe Arteriole
Very small blood vessel (small artery) that branches off from your artery and carries blood away from your heart to your tissues and organs
define or describe Capillaries
delicate blood vessels that exist throughout your body
define or describe Vasodilation
widening of blood vessels as a result of the relaxation of the blood vessel’s muscular walls
define or describe Vasoconstriction
the narrowing (constriction) of blood vessels by small muscles in their walls
define or describe Venous return
the flow of blood from the periphery back to the right atrium, and except for periods of a few seconds, it is equal to cardiac output.
define or describe Tachycardia
an increased heart rate for any reason. It can be a usual rise in heart rate caused by exercise or a stress response (symptom not disease)
define or describe Bradycardia
a slow heart rate
define or describe Stroke volume
volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle of the heart during each systolic cardiac contraction.
define or describe Cardiac output
the amount of blood the heart pumps in 1 minute
define or describe Heart rate
the number of times the heart beats within a certain time period, usually a minute
Define or describe Blood pressure
the pressure of blood pushing against the walls of your arteries
Define or describe Respiratory rate
the number of breaths you take per minute
Define or describe Atherosclerosis
potentially serious condition where arteries become clogged with fatty substances called plaques, or atheroma.
Describe or define Atheroma
a fatty material that builds up inside your arteries
Identify the two circuits the heart pumps to
The pulmonary circuit: This circuit carries blood without oxygen from the heart to the lungs. The pulmonary veins return oxygenated blood to the heart. The systemic circuit: In this circuit, blood with oxygen, nutrients and hormones travels from the heart to the rest of the body.
describe the form and function of the Pericardial sac
a fibrous sac that encloses the heart and great vessels. It keeps the heart in a stable location in the mediastinum, facilitates its movements, and separates it from the lungs and other mediastinal structures
describe the form and function of the Pericardium
a protective, fluid-filled sac that surrounds your heart and helps it function properly. Your pericardium also covers the roots of your major blood vessels as they extend from your heart
describe the form and function of the Pericardial fluid
the buildup fluid in the double-layered, saclike structure around the heart (pericardium).
decrease friction between the pericardial layers
describe how oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide is removed
The oxygen in inhaled air passes across the thin lining of the air sacs and into the blood vessels. This is known as diffusion. The oxygen in the blood is then carried around the body in the bloodstream, reaching every cell. When oxygen passes into the bloodstream, carbon dioxide leaves it.
List the three mechanisms that help with venous return
- Muscle pump system
- One way valves
- Respiratory pump
five stages of conduction that generate contraction of the heart
- The sino-atrial (SA) node.
- The atrio-ventricular (AV) node.
- The bundle of His.
- The left and right bundle branches.
- The Purkinje fibres
cardiorespiratory changes that occur in response to exercise
- Increases in cardiac stroke volume
- Increase in heart rate
- Increase cardiac output
describe pathophysiology and
common symptoms of Coronary heart disease
- Heart’s blood supply is blocked or interrupted by a build-up of fatty substances in the coronary arteries.
- Over time, the walls of your arteries can become furred up with fatty deposits. This process is known as atherosclerosis and the fatty deposits are called atheroma
chest pain (angina)
shortness of breath
pain throughout the body
feeling faint
feeling sick (nausea)
describe pathophysiology and
common symptoms of Coronary artery disease
- The major blood vessels that supply the heart struggle to send enough blood, oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle. Cholesterol deposits (plaques) in the heart arteries and inflammation
Heart attack
Fatigue
Shortness of breath
Chest pain (angina)
describe pathophysiology and
common symptoms of Myocardial infarction
A heart attack (myocardial infarction or MI) is a serious medical emergency in which the supply of blood to the heart is suddenly blocked, usually by a blood clot.
chest pain
pain in other parts of the body
feeling lightheaded or dizzy
sweating
shortness of breath
nausea
coughing or wheezing
describe pathophysiology and
common symptoms of Angina pectoris
Angina is chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscles.
Chest feels tight, dull or heavy – it may spread to your arms, neck, jaw or back
describe pathophysiology and
common symptoms of Arrhythmias
An arrhythmia is an abnormality of the heart’s rhythm. It may beat too slowly, too quickly, or irregularly.
- Palpitations
- Feeling dizzy
- Fainting
- Short of breath,
describe pathophysiology and
common symptoms of Atrial fibrillation
Atrial fibrillation happens when abnormal electrical impulses suddenly start firing in the atria.
These impulses override the heart’s natural pacemaker, which can no longer control the rhythm of the heart. This causes you to have a highly irregular pulse rate.
- Dizziness
- Shortness of breath
- Tiredness.
describe pathophysiology and
common symptoms of Ventricular fibrillation
rapid and disorganised rhythm of heartbeats that rapidly leads to loss of consciousness and sudden death if not treated immediately
- Dizziness.
- Palpitations (skipping, fluttering or pounding in the chest)
- Fatigue.
- Chest pain.
- Shortness of breath.
describe pathophysiology and
common symptoms of Heart failure
heart is unable to pump blood around the body properly. It usually happens because the heart has become too weak or stiff.
- Breathlessness after activity or at rest
- Feeling tired most of the time and finding exercise exhausting
- Lightheaded or fainting
- Swollen ankles and legs
