Respiratory Poultry Diseases Flashcards
Give some examples of important avian respiratory diseases
- Infectious bronchitis
- Avian metapneumovirus infection
- Infectious laryngotracheitis
- Mycoplasmosis
What are the signs of turkey rhinotracheitis?
- Coughing, sneezing, nasal, ocular discharge
- Nasal exudate and a swollen sinus
How does turkey Rhinotracheitis affect productivity?
- Respiratory disease
- Drop in egg production
- Poor shell quality
- Peritonitis
Turkey Rhinotracheitis is the equivalent of which avian disease?
Avian metapneumovirus infection
What are the signs of Avian metapneumovirus infection?
Swollen head syndrome
- Oedematous swelling of the head and eyelids
- Incoordination
- Clear nasal exudate and watery eyes
Which bacteria is always isolated from swollen head syndrome?
E.coli
How does Avian metapneumovirus infection affect productivity?
- Loss of egg production
- Loss of pigment in shells
How does Avian metapneumovirus infection spread?
Horizontally: bird to bird in mucus and aerosols
Vertically: No solid evidence of egg transmission. But – evidence of replication in oviduct epithelium
How is Avian metapneumovirus infection diagnosed?
- Blood, swabs and tissue sampling
- Antibody detection : ELISA
- Antigen detection: RT-PCR
What are some general control measure for Avian metapneumovirus infection?
- Good biosecurity
- Reduce stocking densities
- Single age sites: all in all out systems
- Improve ventilation
- Avoid temperature fluctuations
- Antimicrobial use
- Good flock management and nutrition
- Vaccination
What are the two economically important avian mycoplasma species?
M.gallisepticum
M.synoviae
Which of the two avian mycoplasma species causes more severe disease?
M.gallisepticum
What are the respiratory signs caused my avian mycoplasma infection?
- Nasal discharge, coughing, sneezing, tracheal râles (small clicking, bubbling, or rattling sounds in the lungs)
- Swollen IOS, watery eyes
- Sinusitis & conjunctivitis
What are the reproductive signs caused my avian mycoplasma infection?
- Reduced egg production
- Delayed onset of lay
- Increased ‘dead-in-shell’
- Reduced hatchability
- Reduced survivability
What are the musculoskeletal signs caused my avian mycoplasma infection?
- Lameness
- Swollen joints/synovitis
- Sternal bursitis (‘breast blister’)
- Poor weight gain
- Rapid loss of condition
Which gross lesions can be seen in avian mycoplasma infections?
- Nasal exudate
- Sinus exudate
- Air sacculitis: air sacs should be transparent when there is sacculitis they become cloudy
- Keratoconjunctivitis
- Salpingitis = inflammation of the oviduct
- Arthritis
- Synovitis
Which gross lesions can be seen in chronic respiratory disease?
- Fibrinous perihepatitis
- Fibrinous pericarditis
- Air sacculitis
- Severe lung congestion
Which factors of avian mycoplasma infections affect costs and productivity of poultry farms?
- Poor weight gain
- Reduced feed conversion efficiency
- Reduced hatchability
- Downgrading at slaughter
- Treatment
- Laboratory tests
- Control measures
How are avian mycoplasmas diagnosed?
- Clinical signs and lesions are not diagnostic
- Laboratory tests are essential
- PCR detection of species-specific DNA
- Serology: ELISA or HI
How are avian mycoplasmas controlled?
- Eradication from primary breeding stock
- Good farm management
- Vaccination
How are avian mycoplasmas treated?
- Macrolides: eg. tylvalosin, tylosin, tilmicosin,
- Pleuromutilins: eg. tiamulin, valnemulin
- Aminoglycosides: eg. gentamicin
How is Infectious laryngotracheitis characterised?
Difficulty breathing, gasping, coughing up blood and mucus
Describe the virus of Infectious laryngotracheitis
- Herpes virus
- DNA
- Intranuclear inclusions in the trachea
- Only one type
- Latent
How is Infectious laryngotracheitis spread/transmitted?
In droplets from infected birds
Describe the latency of Infectious laryngotracheitis
- Becomes latent and can be re-excreted intermittently for weeks
- Reactivation due to stress, onset of lay, etc
What are some acute signs of Infectious laryngotracheitis
- Dyspnoea, gasping, coughing, head shaking, attempts to expel tracheal exudate
- Clots of blood and mucus coughed up
- High morbidity, mortality 50-70% or more
What are some milder signs of Infectious laryngotracheitis
- Conjunctivitis, lacrimation
- Nasal discharge
- Lowered egg production
What will be seen on the histology of Infectious laryngotracheitis?
- Intranuclear inclusion bodies in trachea
- Only in the early stages
What gross lesions will be seen with Infectious laryngotracheitis?
- Cheesy plugs in trachea, larynx,
- Bloody exudate
- Inflamed bronchi and air sacs
How is Infectious laryngotracheitis diagnosed?
- Detection of virus in trachea, conjunctiva
- Detection of virus in feather follicles
- Detection of antibodies
How is Infectious laryngotracheitis treated and controlled?
- No treatment
- Vaccination: eye drop, intranasal, drinking water
