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Y3 Infectious diseases > Poultry infectious diseases > Flashcards

Poultry infectious diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What are some examples of non-infectious diseases that may affect poultry?

A
  • Tumours
  • Behavioural issues
  • Nutrition
  • Management
  • Chemical
  • Physical
  • Environmental
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2
Q

What are some examples of infectious disease causes that may affect poultry?

A
  • Viruses
  • Bacteria
  • Mycoplasmas
  • Fungi/yeasts
  • Internal parasites
  • External parasites
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3
Q

Name the 2 notifiable diseases of poultry

A

Avian influenza

Newcastle disease

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4
Q

Which proteins are expressed by avian influenza?

A

H and N

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5
Q

Which proteins are expressed by newcastle disease?

A

H, N and F (fusion protein)

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6
Q

What are some similarities between avian influenza and newcastle disease viral structure?

A
  • both are single stranded RNA viruses
  • Both contain H and N proteins
  • Both can undergo antigenic drift
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7
Q

What is antigenic drift?

A

Random genetic mutation of an infectious agent resulting in minor changes in proteins called antigens, which stimulate the production of antibodies by the immune system

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8
Q

What are some differences between avian influenza and newcastle disease viral structure?

A
  • Extra protein is expressed in the Newcastle virus, F-protein (fusion)
  • In avian influenza the genome is segmented (8), whereas in Newcastle virus it is not segmented
  • Antigenic shift can occur in avian influenza but not in Newcastle
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9
Q

What is antigenic shift?

A

Genetic alteration occurring in an infectious agent that causes a dramatic change in a protein called an antigen, which stimulates the production of antibodies by the immune system

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10
Q

What are the similarities of the diseases cause by avian influenza and Newcastle disease?

A
  • Both are highly infectious and infect a wide range of avian species
  • Both viruses can range from non-pathogenic to highly virulent
  • Both can cause respiratory, enteric and sometimes nervous signs
  • or high mortality without specific signs
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11
Q

What are the 3 types of Avian influenza? Which is of veterinary importance?

A

Types A, B & C; only A is of veterinary importance

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12
Q

What are the names of H and N proteins?

A

Haemagglutinin

Neuraminidase

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13
Q

How does the subtype of avian influenza affect its properties?

A

Controls its pathogenesis, diagnosis, immunity and control

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14
Q

Which species are considered to be the main mixing vessel for new influenza viruses?

A

Pigs

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15
Q

Which of the 2 H influenza subtypes if associated with high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI)?

A

H5 and H7

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16
Q

How does avian influenza affect the body?

A
  • Replication in a wide range of tissues (respiratory and/or GIT initial sites) causing necrosis, congestion, haemorrhage
  • Incubation: hrs to 3d (single host) & days up 14d (in flocks)
  • Death without obvious signs but great variation in clinical picture & severity
17
Q

What are some signs of an avian influenza infection?

A
  • Respiratory distress (conjunctivitis, nasal discharge, coughing)
  • Lack of appetite
  • Diarrhoea
  • Drop in egg production
  • Neurological signs
18
Q

Which factors can influence the clinical signs of avian influenza?

A
  • Agent (strain, dose, infection route)
  • Host: species, age, sex, immunity, stress, disease
  • Environment
19
Q

Which gross lesions can be seen due to avian influenza?

A
  • Cyanosis of the comb and wattles and shanks
  • Tracheal haemorrhage
  • Intestinal and mesenteric haemorrhage
  • Respiratory tract inflammation and exudate
  • Swollen kidneys
  • Haemorrhage of pericardium
20
Q

Which species act as reservoirs for avian influenza?

A

Wild birds e.g. ducks, geese and swans

21
Q

How is avian influenza diagnosed?

A
  • Clinical signs and increased mortality
  • RT-PCR
  • Virus isolation in eggs
22
Q

How easy is Avian influenza to control compared to Newcastle disease?

A

Because AIV is subject to genetic reassortment it is more difficult than Newcastle disease to control by vaccination

23
Q

What are the features of Newcastle disease virus?

A
  • Notifiable
  • HN spikes and F protein spikes on envelope
  • Non-segmented genome
  • Single serotype
  • No antigenic shift
24
Q

What are the different groupings of Newcastle disease virus?

A
  • Velogenic
  • Mesogenic
  • Lentogenic
  • Asymptomatic enteric
25
Q

Describe the 2 Velogenic groupings of Newcastle disease virus

A
  1. Viscerotropic-Velogenic: acute lethal infection, gut haemorrhagic lesions.
  2. Neurotropic-velogenic: respiratory and neurologic disease, gut lesions absent, high mortality
26
Q

Describe mesogenic Newcastle disease virus

A

Respiratory and neurological signs, low mortalit y

27
Q

Describe lentogenic Newcastle disease virus

A

Mild infections of the respiratory tract

28
Q

What are some general signs of Newcastle disease?

A
  • Loss of appetite
  • Abnormal thirst
  • Dehydration
  • Emaciation
  • Ruffled feathers
  • Huddling
  • Listlessness
  • Depression
29
Q

What are some neurotropic signs of Newcastle disease?

A
  • Tremors
  • Star-grazing
  • Twisted neck
  • Convulsions
  • Incoordination
  • Paralysis of wings/legs
30
Q

What are some pneumotropic signs of Newcastle disease?

A
  • Mild rales (clicking, bubbling, or rattling sounds in the lungs)
  • Sneezing and coughing
  • Nasal discharge
  • Laboured breathing
  • Open mouth breathing
  • Head shaking
  • Greenish-yellow diarrhoea
31
Q

What are some viscerotropic signs of Newcastle disease?

A
  • Greenish-yellow diarrhoea

- Haemorrhage of intestinal tract

32
Q

How is Newcastle disease diagnosed?

A
  • Clinical signs
  • Serology: hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay
  • Live birds – oral pharyngeal swabs for virus inoculation but mostly RT-PCR
  • Post-mortem: lesions not pathognomonic (but suggestive)
33
Q

Where can PM samples be taken from for Newcastle disease diagnosis?

A
  • Trachea
  • Proventriculus
  • Lungs
  • Caecal tonsil
  • Brain
34
Q

How can Newcastle disease be controlled and prevented?

A
  • Prevent NDV entering your farm/area: high Standard of Biosecurity and management
  • Increase flock resistance: nutrition, flock management
  • Vaccination

Y3 Infectious diseases (19 decks)

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