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Y3 Infectious diseases > Porcine skin disease and dysentery > Flashcards

Porcine skin disease and dysentery Flashcards

1
Q

In which areas are skin lesions of pigs common?

A

Ears, legs, tail and flanks, but can appear anywhere

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2
Q

What are some causes of porcine skin lesions?

A
  • Physical (objects), lying on rough surfaces
  • Vices (biting)
  • Vector driven (flies and lice)
  • Infection (Bacterial, parasitic, viral, fungal)
  • Congenital (epitheliogenesis imperfecta)
  • Toxic (PDNS: porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome)
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3
Q

What are the consequences of porcine skin lesions?

A
  • Can lead to carcass condemnation, septicaemia, spinal lesions (from tail bites), culling, and in some cases, death.
  • Also a significant welfare issue - checked for farm assurance
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4
Q

Name the infectious causes of porcine skin lesions

A
  • Bacterial septicaemia
  • Viral systemic diseases
  • Greasy pig
  • Swine pox
  • Ringworm
  • Treponema
  • Sarcoptic mange
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5
Q

Name three bacterial Septicaemic diseases

A
  • Salmonellosis
  • Glasser’s disease
  • Erysipelas
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6
Q

Describe the skin disease caused by Salmonella and its signs

A
  • Invasive necrotic enteritis or septicaemia (typhoidal disease)
  • High fever, purple discolorations of skin and later on diarrhoea
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7
Q

How is salmonella diagnosed, treated and controlled?

A
  • Diagnosis = culture faecal material on selective media.
  • Treatment = antimicrobials
  • Control = Good management and hygiene reduce transmission.
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8
Q

Which bacterial spp causes Glasser’s disease?

A

Haemophilus parasuis

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9
Q

Describe Glasser’s disease and its signs

A
  • Commensal of respiratory tract but able to cause systemic disease, respiratory spread.
  • Can cause sudden death, disease characterized by red to purple discoloration of ears, abdomen and occasionally legs, wasting, fibrinous polyserositis, polyarthritis, and meningitis.
  • Attacks joints, intestine, lungs, heart and brain causing pneumonia, pericarditis, peritonitis and pleurisy.
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10
Q

How is Glasser’s disease diagnosed?

A

Clinical signs & detection of H. parasuis at systemic sites by isolation/PCR.

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11
Q

How is Glasser’s disease treated and controlled?

A

Treatment: If treated early enough can lead to full recovery. Typically penicillin based treatments
Control: improve hygiene, strategic antibiotic treatment of affected pigs; also commercial/autogenous vaccines

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12
Q

Describe Erysipelas disease and its clinical signs

A

May be acute – can cause sudden death, or more general septicaemia symptoms such as fever, depressed and inappetent and rhomboid skin (diamond-skin) lesions involving many animals
Chronic = enlarged joints, lameness, and endocarditis.

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13
Q

How is Erysipelas diagnosed, treated and controlled?

A

Diagnosis = based on clinical signs & culture/PCR/serology.
Treatment: Typically penicillin based treatments.
Control: vaccination works well, improve hygiene, prevent birds and mice.

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14
Q

Name 3 Viral systemic diseases causing skin disease

A
  • Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome.
  • Classical Swine fever.
  • African Swine fever
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15
Q

What is the other name given to porcine reproductive and respiratory virus?

A

Blue-ear pig disease

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16
Q

Describe the disease and clinical signs of porcine reproductive and respiratory virus

A

Anorexia, fever, respiratory distress, vomiting, blue colouring due to decrease blood flow (cyanosis) of ears, abdomen and vulva, can be death in 10% of sows and neonatal piglets, infertility and occasional abortion stillbirths.
Immunosuppressive effect -> exacerbates other diseases incl. bacterial (e.g. Glasser’s disease) hence driver of antimicrobial use.

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17
Q

How is porcine reproductive and respiratory virus treated?

A

Difficult and frequently unsuccessful.
Broad spectrum antibiotics to prevent secondary infection + to encourage to eat and drink. Anti-inflammatory products (e.g. aspirin). Long term= control/prevention needs application.

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18
Q

How is porcine reproductive and respiratory virus controlled?

A

Early weaning & isolation of piglets, vaccination protocols, regular serologic monitoring, remove persistent carriers, improve biosecurity

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19
Q

Describe the disease and clinical signs of classical swine fever

A

NOTIFIABLE

  • highly contagious and often fatal viral disease
  • fever, haemorrhages, lethargy, yellowish diarrhoea, vomiting, and a purple skin discoloration of the ears, lower abdomen, and legs. Potential neurologic signs, reproductive failures/abortion
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20
Q

Which diagnostic tests can be performed for classical swine fever?

A

Virus isolation, immunofluorescence assay, and detection of antibodies (ELISA=APHA UK) and virus neutralization

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21
Q

How is Classical swine fever treated and controlled?

A

There are no treatments. Endemic in many countries = central/South America, Caribbean, & Asia -> where Vaccination with effective vaccines = used to prevent CSFV expansion.
Countries free of disease do not vaccinate - Instead, rapid confirmation of suspected cases then quarantine and depopulation of exposed herd

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22
Q

Describe the disease and clinical signs of African swine fever

A

NOTIFIABLE
- Death in nearly all pigs infected
- Early = High fever, lethargy, loss of appetite. Occasional sudden death.
Late = Reddening of skin > patches on ear tips, tail, feet, chest, belly. Diarrhoea, vomiting. Laboured breathing. Swollen red eyes + discharge. Abortions, still-births. Unwillingness to get up. Death sometimes only sign, case fatality as high as 100%.

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23
Q

How is African swine fever diagnosed, treated and controlled?

A
  • Diagnostics= PCR, serology (ELISA)
  • Currently no treatment or vaccine available
  • Biosecurity measures essential to prevent an outbreak spreading
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24
Q

What is the other name for greasy pig?

A

Exudative epidermitis

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25
Q

What is the most common skin disease of pigs?

A

Greasy pig

26
Q

What is the causative agent of greasy pig?

A

Staphylococcus hyicus

27
Q

Describe the disease and clinical signs of greasy pig

A
  • Can be chronic or acute
  • Dermatitis which oozes greasy fluid
  • It produces toxins which are absorbed into the system and damage the liver and kidneys
  • Can be fatal
  • Typically non-pruritic
  • Common in piglets over five days old, but not a big problem. Bigger problem in weaned pigs
  • The bacterium multiples profusely in the sow’s vagina so that piglets are infected during the birth process or soon after
28
Q

How does Staphylococcus hyicus cause the greasy pig signs?

A
  • Lesions caused by ‘exfoliative toxin’
  • Cause the loss of keratinocyte cell-cell adhesion in the superficial epidermis
  • Leave skin open to secondary infection
29
Q

What are the risk factors of greasy pig?

A

Often initiated by injury, due to sharp objects, or unclipped teeth, mange or humid environment

30
Q

How is greasy pig treated?

A
  • Parenteral use of antibiotics such as amoxicillin or lincomycin in severe cases.
  • However, in mild cases topical use of a skin sanitiser
31
Q

Raised circular red skin spots - 1-3 mm is the sign of which virus?

A

Swine pox

32
Q

Which fungi causes ringworm in pigs?

A

Trichophyton mentagrophytes

33
Q

Describe the disease and clinical signs of ring worm in pigs

A
  • Manifests as dirty marks on the skin: circular skin lesions.
  • Pruritus is minimal
  • Treatment generally unrewarding and unnecessary.
  • Usually affects groups of animals
34
Q

Describe the disease and clinical signs of porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome

A
  • Mainly in growers and finishers
  • Mortality around 15%
  • Appearance of extensive greasy brown, purplish red slightly raised blotches of various sizes and shapes over the chest, abdomen, thighs and forelegs. The majority of pigs that develop extensive skin blotching die.
  • The pigs are depressed, loss of appetite, fever, immobile/ reluctant to move
  • Can affect kidneys
35
Q

What is the possible viral cause of porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome

A

Porcine circovirus 2

36
Q

Which mite causes sarcoptic mange in pigs?

A

Sarcoptes scabei var suis

37
Q

Describe the disease and clinical signs of sarcoptic mange in pigs

A
  • Encrusted lesions on legs, ears and body. pruritus

- Allergic form: hypersensitivity can be seen in older pigs= red pimples all over body.

38
Q

How is sarcoptic mange diagnosed, treated and controlled?

A
  • Treated with Avermectins
  • Requires deep skin scrapings for diagnosis
  • Control: typically combination of medication and hygiene measures
39
Q

What are the signs of Treponemes in pigs?

A

Ear necrosis, flank and tail lesions

40
Q

Describe some physical damage lesions that occur in pigs

A
  • Sore shoulders: associated with weight loss during lactation; rough surfaces
  • Lower limb abrasions
  • Stifle sores: mainly in fast growing finishers, kept at high density, no bedding
  • Teat necrosis in piglets: can affect future breeding potential
41
Q

What are some other non-infectious causes of skin lesions?

A
  • Sunburn: blistering and ulceration
  • Transit erythema: scalding by urine or chemicals
  • Hyperkeratosis: water trough overhead leads to stagnant humid atmosphere. Flaking of dorsal skin
42
Q

Why does biting occur in pigs?

A
  • Testosterone driven males are notorious biters
  • Competition for space, food, resources
  • Tail biting: common in finishers
43
Q

Where are common biting sites?

A

Flanks, ears, tails and vulva

44
Q

How can biting be prevented?

A

Straw bedding seems to decrease it. As do toys (balls, CD’s hung on string)
Farm assurance legislation now ensures that all pigs must have playthings in a pen which they can chew and destroy = ‘manipulative material’

45
Q

Name the lice of pigs

A

Haematopinus suis

46
Q

Describe the features of false ringworm

A
  • Genetic defect
  • Occurs mainly on the belly of in individual animals sporadically
  • Inherited
  • Usually develops at the age of six to eight weeks
  • But disappears without treatment by 20 weeks of age.
47
Q

Which congenital condition causes ‘imperfect skin’?

A

Epithliogenesis imperfecta

48
Q

Describe Epithliogenesis imperfecta

A
  • Absence of epidermis or mucosal epithelium
  • Congenital: seen from birth
  • Commonly on legs or flanks
  • Will heal slowly, but may require sutures in severe cases
49
Q

What is the causative agent of swine dysentery

A

Caused by a spirochaetal bacterium- Brachyspira hyodysenteriae

50
Q

Describe the disease and signs of swine dysentery

A
  • Causes a severe inflammation of the large intestine.
  • Goblet cell hyperplasia
  • Malabsorptive diarrhoea very common (i.e. dysentery).
  • Often contains blood and mucus.
51
Q

Swine dysentery is most common in which pigs?

A

Most common in pigs from 12 to 75kg but severe cases occur occasionally in sows and their sucking piglets

52
Q

How long is the incubation period for swine dysentery, why is this important?

A
  • 7 to 14 days but can be as long as 60 days
  • Some pigs may develop a sub-clinical carrier state initially and then break down with clinical disease when put under stress or when there is a change of feed. So can carry and shed bacteria without clinical signs!
53
Q

What is the prognosis for a pig with swine dysentery?

A

From full recovery to chronically reduced growth & diarrhoea. Pigs that fully recover develop immunity and rarely suffer from the disease again.

54
Q

What are the clinical signs of swine dysentery in piglets?

A
  • Severe acute dysentery
  • Sloppy light brown faeces with or without mucous or blood.
  • Loss of condition
55
Q

What are the clinical signs of swine dysentery in weaners and growers

A
  • Sloppy diarrhoea, which stains the skin under the anus.
  • Initially the diarrhoea is light brown and contains jelly-like mucus and becomes watery.
  • May contain blood
  • Twitching of the tail.
  • Hollowing of the flanks with poor growth.
  • Loss of condition
  • Partial loss of appetite.
  • Slight reddening of the skin.
  • Becomes dehydrated.
  • Gaunt appearance & sunken eyes.
  • Sudden death may occur
56
Q

How does the bacteria Brachyspira cause swine dysentery?

A
  • Very resistant bacteria
  • Bacteria invades intestinal epithelium- particularly in caecum and colon
  • Produces toxins
  • Leads to decreased reabsorption, and diarrhoea
  • Risk of secondary infection
57
Q

How is swine dysentery transmitted?

A
  • Pigs become infected through the ingestion of infected faeces.
  • Spread is by carrier pigs that shed the organism in faeces for long periods. May enter farm this way
  • Mechanically in infected faeces via equipment, contaminated delivery pipe of feed vehicles, boots or birds.
  • It can be spread by flies, mice/ rats, birds and dogs.
  • Stress resulting from change of feed may precipitate.
  • Poor sanitation and wet pens enhance the disease.
  • Overcrowding.
58
Q

How is swine dysentery diagnosed?

A
  • History
  • Clinical exam/signs
  • PM exam
  • Gram-stained faecal or colonic smears
  • PCR
  • Fluorescent antibody tests on faecal smears
  • Isolation and identification of B. hyodysenteriae.
59
Q

How is swine dysentery controlled?

A
  • Biosecurity very important. Prevent entry and/ or spread
  • Prevent access to slurry pits
  • Control flies
  • Strategic medication
  • Foot baths for farm personnel
  • Reduce movement and handling of pigs
  • Avoid overcrowding
  • Isolate and quarantine incoming pigs
60
Q

How is swine dysentery treated?

A

Doxycyclin
Lincomycin
Tylosin

Y3 Infectious diseases (19 decks)

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