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Y3 Infectious diseases > Respiratory Infections in Cattle and Sheep > Flashcards

Respiratory Infections in Cattle and Sheep Flashcards

1
Q

Which two cattle viruses belong in the family paramyxoviridae?

A
  • Bovine respiratory syncytial virus

- Parainfluenza virus 3

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2
Q

Bovine viral Diarrhoea belongs to which family?

A

Flaviviridae

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3
Q

Which 4 viruses make up the bovine respiratory disease complex?

A
  • Bovine respiratory syncytial virus
  • Parainfluenza virus 3
  • Bovine herpes virus 1
  • Bovine viral diarrhoea
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4
Q

What are virulence factors?

A

The components of the virus that allow it to attach to and invade host cells, i.e. they are molecules produced by the virus that allow the pathogen to cause disease

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5
Q

What are the 2 main virulence factors for bovine respiratory syncytial virus?

A

G-protein

F-protein

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6
Q

What are the functions of the G and F proteins?

A

G-protein - allows attachment of the virion to the host cell membrane
F-protein - facilitates fusion of the virion with the host cell membrane

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7
Q

Describe the disease caused by bovine respiratory syncytial virus

A
  • Interstitial pneumonia (inflammation of the tissues supporting the lung)
  • Interstitial emphysema
  • Secondary bacterial bronchopneumonia
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8
Q

How does bovine respiratory syncytial virus predispose to secondary bacterial bronchopneumonia?

A
  • Formation of multinucleated giant cells
  • These contain eosinophilic inclusion bodies
  • Causes obstruction of airways and impairs lung clearance mechanisms
  • > predisposing to secondary bacterial bronchopneumonia
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9
Q

What is a giant cell and what does it indicate?

A

A fusion of macrophages

Indicated chronic inflammation

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10
Q

How does bovine respiratory syncytial virus appear grossly?

A

Filled sacs on the lung surface which would pop if touched caused by coalescence of alveoli (Alveoli septae thickened by lymphocytes and mononuclear cells)

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11
Q

What are inclusion bodies?

A

Aggregates of viral capsid proteins

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12
Q

How does bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 affect the airways?

A
  • Bronchitis
  • Bronchiolitis
  • Intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in lungs days 5-7
  • Hyperplasia= proliferation in numbers of alveolar cells (clogging of airways)
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13
Q

Describe how the virus of Bovine Rhinotracheitis BHV-1 infects the body and causes disease?

A
  • The virus remains latent in sciatic and trigeminal nerves
  • Once an animal is infected, it’s infected for life
  • Initial response to infection is always by cell mediated immunity
  • In times of stress, when immunosuppression occurs, you get recrudescence of disease, even in adult cattle
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14
Q

What is the source of infection of Bovine Rhinotracheitis BHV-1 ?

A

Periodic shedding of persistently infected animals

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15
Q

Cattle of which age are most susceptible to Bovine Rhinotracheitis BHV-1 ?

A

6-18 months old

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16
Q

Describe the pathology of Bovine Rhinotracheitis BHV-1

A
  • Sloughing of epithelial cells in the Upper Resp Tract

- Necrosis leaves animal open to bacterial infection

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17
Q

What are the outcomes of bovine viral diarrhoea infection in each pregnancy trimester?

A 
1st = reproductive losses
2nd = production of a persistently infected calf 
3rd = foetus can fight off the virus
18
Q

How does bovine viral diarrhoea attack the body?

A
  • Destroys alveolar macrophages
  • Depletes lymphoid tissue
  • Can increase the prevalence or severity of bovine respiratory disease
19
Q

What are the 2 predilection sites for bovine viral diarrhoea?

A

palatine tonsil and the nasal mucosa

20
Q

Once bovine viral diarrhoea virus has spread in the blood, which tissues does it have a preference for, where it can be found in its highest concentrations?

A

Preference for lymphoid tissue, reaching its highest concentrations in the tonsil, thymus and ileum

21
Q

Which disease occurs as a manifestation of BVD?

A

Mucosal disease

22
Q

Which 2 sheep viruses are associated with respiratory disease?

A
  • Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma

- Maedi

23
Q

Which cells are targeted by Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma?

A

Type II pneumocytes

24
Q

What is the diagnostic test for Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma?

A

The “wheelbarrow test” i.e. lift the sheep by its back legs like a wheelbarrow, and the fluid, which is produced from the tumour cells, comes out

25
Q

Which cells are targeted by maedi virus?

26
Q

How is Maedi virus transmitted?

A

By infected colostrum and milk as well as the respiratory route

27
Q

‘Shipping fever’ is caused by which bacteria?

A

Mannheimia haemolytica

28
Q

Mannheimia haemolytica occurs secondarily to?

A

Infectious bovine Rhinotracheitis (BHV-1)

29
Q

How does Mannheimia haemolytica affect the lung?

A
  • Haemorrhage is a classic feature

- Thrombosis, necrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration in Mannheimia haemolytica pneumonia

30
Q

If Histophilus somni is found in the body, where is it commensal and where is it pathogenic?

A

Commensal in the genital tract and pathogenic in the respiratory tract

31
Q

What are the effects of Histophilus somni in the body?

A
  • Thrombus formation
  • Vasoconstriction and increased epithelial permeability due to histamine release
  • Systemic spread
32
Q

What are the 4 main consequences of systemic spread of Histophilus somni?

A

Pleuritis
Pericarditis
Myocardial abscesses
Joint inflammation

33
Q

Which 2 cattle bacterial are normal commensals of the URT but not the LRT?

A

Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella

34
Q

Why is used to treat mycoplasma and why?

A
  • No cell wall
  • Cannot be treated with penicillins or other beta-lactam antibiotics that target cell wall synthesis
  • Use oxytetracycline or macrolides
35
Q

How can animals become infected with mycoplasma?

A

Via the respiratory tract, the teat canal or genital tract

Artificial insemination with infected semen is another common route

36
Q

What are the 4 clinical signs/conditions caused by Mycoplsma?

A
  • Cuffing pneumonia
  • Septic arthritis
  • Otitis media
  • Mastitis
37
Q

What is cuffing pneumonia?

A

Peribronchial thickening or bronchial wall thickening
- A radiologic sign which occurs when excess fluid or mucus build-up in the small airway passages of the lung causes localized patches of atelectasis (lung collapse).

38
Q

Describe how Mycoplasma bovis infects the body

A
  • Found in URT and LRT
  • Can survive in epithelial and inflammatory cells
  • Infected cattle shed the mycoplasma via the respiratory tract for many months and even years acting as reservoirs of infection
39
Q

How does spread of respiratory viruses occur? What can make them spread at a faster rate?

A

Close contact
Carriers- age mixing
Poor ventilation
Poor immunity

40
Q

How can spread of disease be prevented?

A 
Hygiene 
Stocking densities 
Correct air flow
Dry environment
Vaccination (where possible)

Y3 Infectious diseases (19 decks)

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