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Respiratory System > Respiratory Physiology: Resistance to Breathing > Flashcards

Respiratory Physiology: Resistance to Breathing Flashcards

1
Q
  1. How many ml out of 500ml of tidal volume does not reach alveoli for gas exchange?
A

150ml

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2
Q
  1. What is physiological dead space
A

Perfused and non-ventilated
alveoli

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3
Q
  1. Give 2 sources of resistance to breathing and examples of them
A

A. Elastic forces and Surface Tension
Mechanical resistance

B. Airflow (Airway) resistance
airflow turbulence

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4
Q
  1. What type of process in expiration
A

passive process.

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5
Q

what fibres are needed for expiration

A

elastic fibres

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6
Q
  1. What in lung parenchyma resists expansion
A

elastin

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7
Q
  1. What 2 types of collagen are in the lungs?
A
  • Type 1
  • Type 3
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8
Q
  1. What happens if you have emphysema?
A
  • You lose the elastic fibres, so you lose elastic recoil and need to use accessory muscles to compensate.
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9
Q

how is emphysema characterised and why?

A

so emphysema is characterised with shortness of breath and fatigue because energy is used breathing in AND out.

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10
Q

What is surface tension?

A

Atoms on the surface of an air-water interface have no neighbouring atoms above them so show stronger attractive forces upon their neighbours on the surface, resulting in an inward directed force at the air-water interface.

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11
Q
  1. What happens if the force that resists expansion of alveoli is not impeded
A

alveoli collapse and fill with fluid as water is attracted into them.

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12
Q
  1. What is the medical term for lung collapse.
A

at atelectasis

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13
Q
  1. What is surfactant and what does it do?
A
  • chemical compound emulsifier
  • reduces surface tension
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14
Q
  1. What percentage of surfactant is lipid?
A

90%

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15
Q
  1. What percentage of surfactant is protein?
A

10%

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16
Q
  1. What is the chemical name for surfactant and what is the abbreviation for it?
A

Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DCCP)

17
Q
  1. How does surfactant do what it does?
A

acts like a detergent and breaks the molecular bonds between air and liquid

18
Q
  1. What secretes surfactant
A

pneumocyte type II aka Clara cells

19
Q
  1. Give the weeks when surfactant is produced in gestation:
A

Start of production: Wk 20
Max Production: Wk 28-32
Mature levels: Wk 34-35

20
Q
  1. what causes Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome (NRDS)?
A

Caused by deficiency of surfactant

21
Q
  1. What is the relationship between incidence and severity of NRDS and gestational age?
A

Incidence and severity is inversely proportional to gestational age

22
Q
  1. What is the mortality rate in infants under 1kg with NRDS?
A

50% in infants

23
Q
  1. When will increasing respiratory distress happen with an infant?
A

around 2nd to 7th day

24
Q
  1. How do bronchioles control the airflow rate
A

abundant smooth muscle which allows the bronchiole to constrict or dilate which changes resistance

25
Q
  1. What acts on receptors to change resistance and give an example of this
A

Nerves and hormones act on receptors to change this resistance.

example: adrenaline - works on beta-2-adrenoreceptors to cause bronchodilation

26
Q
  1. What is the major airflow resistance in the body?
A

Airway resistance is the major resistance

27
Q
  1. What is the simple version of Poiseuille’s Law equation?
A

Flow (Q) = change in driving pressure (ΔP)/ resistance (R)

28
Q
  1. What is the relationship between resistance and bronchiole radius?
A

Resistance is inversely related to Bronchiole radius 4

29
Q
  1. What is the complex version of Poiseuille’s Law and define what each symbol means.
A

Q = ΔP (πr^4)/8nl

π = pi
P = pressure difference between the two ends
r = radius of tube
n = viscosity
l = length

30
Q
  1. What percentage of airway resistance is the medium sized bronchioles
A

80% of all airway resistance

31
Q

what does in series tubes (eg bronchi, bronchioles) mean for the resistances

A

it means you add the individual resistances

32
Q

what does in parallel bronchioles mean for resistances

A

it means you add the reciprocal of the resistances

33
Q
  1. Give 3 reasons bronchioles constrict during asthma
A
  • Parasympathetic nerves
  • cough reflex
  • Histamine
34
Q
  1. give 1 reason as to why bronchioles dilate
A

Sympathetic nerves by stimulating b2-adrenoceptors

35
Q

what are 4 ways respiratory resistance is affected in everyday life

A
  • Respiratory diseases
  • Postural muscle tone of the upper airways and the accessory muscles
  • Mucociliary clearance
  • Cough reflex etc

Respiratory System (11 decks)

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