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Respiratory System > Respiratory Histology: Structure and Function > Flashcards

Respiratory Histology: Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What is the extrathoracic (upper) airway comprised of?
A
  • the nose
  • nasal cavity
  • pharynx
  • larynx
  • upper trachea
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2
Q

what is the intrathoracic (lower) airway comprised of?

A
  • The lower trachea
  • left and right main bronchi
  • multiple bronchial generations
  • lungs
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3
Q
  1. What are nasal vestibules lined by?
A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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4
Q
  1. What are the modified hairs in nasal vestibules called?
A

Vibrissae

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5
Q
  1. Describe the membrane transition as you go further into the nasal vestibules
A

transition from keratinised stratified squamous epithelium to pseudo stratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells

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6
Q

what is pseudo stratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells also known as?

A

Respiratory epithelium

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7
Q
  1. What are the floors and walls of the nasal cavity covered with and what is presence throughout the mucous membranes
A
  • covered with respiratory epithelium
  • seromucous glands dispersed throughout the mucous membranes
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8
Q
  1. What is the roof of the nasal cavity covered with
A
  • covered with respiratory epithelium and olfactory epithelium motile cilia
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9
Q

what is another name for motile cilia

A

olfactory epithelium

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10
Q
  1. Which epithelium is less vascularized: Olfactory or respiratory epithelium?
A

olfactory epithelium

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11
Q
  1. What type of epithelium is found in the larynx
A

laryngeal mucosa

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12
Q

what 4 things are observed between the lamina propria to the end of the laryngeal ventricle

A
  • goblet cells
  • seromucous glands
  • lymphatic nodules
  • adipocytes
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13
Q

describe the transition of the epithelium after the lower border of the ventricle

A
  • changes to become a non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium covering the true vocal cords
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14
Q

what are 3 features of the lamina propria at the true vocal cords

A
  • avascular
  • thin
  • lacks glands and lymphatic tissue
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15
Q

describe the transition of the epithelium between the larynx and the trachea

A
  • transitions to a pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium
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16
Q

what cartilage of the larynx is the trachea attached to by the cricothyroid membrane

A

is attached by the cricoid cartilage

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17
Q

what type of tube is the trachea and how is it completed posteriorly?

A
  • mucocartilagenous tube
  • completed posteriorly by smooth trachealis muscle
18
Q
  1. What does mucus in the lumen of the trachea do?
A

Traps particles and bacteria

19
Q
  1. What does cilia do in the lumen of trachea?
A

Pushes particles and bacteria back up the trachea with rhythmic movements

20
Q
  1. What does the lower trachea do at the carina?
A

bifurcates at the carina to form a left and right primary bronchus

21
Q
  1. What type of cartilage surrounds the bronchi and what does it do
A
  • hyaline cartilage C rings surround bronchi
  • function is to keep the bronchi open
22
Q

what epithelium surrounds the lumen of the bronchi

A

respiratory epithelium

23
Q
  1. What surrounds the lamina propria in the bronchi and what does it do
A
  • a thin layer of smooth muscle
  • separates it from the submucosal layer
24
Q
  1. What is the difference between cartilage in the trachea and the primary bronchi?
A

in primary bronchi cartilage is discontinuous whereas in the trachea it is a continuous C shape

25
Q
  1. What are the 3 types of cell found in alveoli
A
  • Type I Pneumocytes
  • Type II Pneumocytes
  • Alveolar Macrophages
26
Q
  1. Give 3 features of Type I pneumocytes
A
  • squamous alveolar cells
  • covers 95% of surface area
  • provides an ideal environment for gases to pass to and from adjacent capillary beds
27
Q
  1. Give 3 features of Type II pneumocytes
A
  • covers 5% of surface area
  • cuboidal alveolar cells
  • enables the production of surfactant to repair the alveolar epithelium when squamous cells are damaged
28
Q
  1. What are alveolar macrophages
A

dust cells with monocytes origins that perform a phagocytic function

29
Q
  1. What 2 things does the respiratory membrane contain in the alveoli?
A

contains:

  • squamous alveolar cell
  • squamous capillary endothelial cell
  • the underlying basement membrane
30
Q

what separates alveolar air from blood

A

respiratory membrane

31
Q
  1. What do type II pneumocytes secrete and by what process
A

secrete surfactants via exocytosis

32
Q
  1. How does the epithelium change from the trachea to the terminal bronchi
A

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated cells to simple cuboidal cells

33
Q
  1. Outline the 6 defence mechanisms of the respiratory system
A
  1. mucus layer
  2. Alveolar macrophages
  3. Secretory IgAs
  4. Alveolar epithelial cells
  5. Lysozyme, lactoferrin or peroxide
  6. Lymphocytes, neutrophils, immunoglobulins and opsonins
34
Q
  1. How does the mucus layer act as a defence mechanism of the respiratory system
A

traps pathogens and particles stopping them from reaching lungs

35
Q
  1. How do the alveolar macrophages act as a defence mechanism of the respiratory system
A

type of WBC that tracks deposited particles, adheres to them, then ingests and digests them.

36
Q
  1. what 2 ways do secretory IgAs act as a defence mechanism of the respiratory system
A
  1. neutralises toxins and viruses
  2. blocks the entry of bacteria across the epithelium
37
Q
  1. How do alveolar epithelial cells (type I & II pneumocytes act as a defence mechanism of the respiratory system
A

recruits inflammatory cells by releasing arachidonic acid derivates

38
Q
  1. How do lysozymes act as a defence mechanism of the respiratory system.
A
  • lysozyme degrades a glycosidic linkage of bacterial membrane peptidoglycans
39
Q

how does lactoferrin act as a defence mechanism of the respiratory system

A
  • An Iron-binding protein that reduces the availability of elemental iron.
40
Q

how does peroxide act as a defence mechanism of the respiratory system

A
  • acts on thiocyanate ions or produce oxygen radicals that are bacteriostatic or bactericidal.

Respiratory System (11 decks)

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