Respiration: Lung volumes and Spirometry

Question 1

1. What is eupnea

Answer 1

normal relaxed, quiet breathing

Question 2

define apnea

Answer 2

temporary cessation of breathing (one or more skipped breaths)

Question 3

define dyspnea

Answer 3

laboured, gasping breathing/shortness of breath

Question 4

define hypernea

Answer 4

increased rate and depth of breathing in response to exercise, pain or other conditions

Question 5

define Hyperventilation

Answer 5

increased pulmonary ventilation

Question 6

define hypoventilation

Answer 6

reduced pulmonary ventilation

Question 7

define orthopnea

Answer 7

Dyspnea when a person is lying down

Question 8

define Respiratory Arrest

Answer 8

permanent cessation of breathing

Question 9

define Tachypnea

Answer 9

accelerated respiration

Question 10

10. What type of lung volumes can be divided into specific volumes and capacities?

Answer 10

static lung volumes

Question 11

11. Define capacity

Answer 11

the sum of various volumes

Question 12

12. What method is used to record volumes breathed in and out and the flow rate of air movement?

Answer 12

spirometry

Question 13

13. How can time-volume changes be provided and how are they displayed?

Answer 13

• provided by a spirometer
• displayed as a spirogram

Question 14

15. How much of pulmonary air volumes exchanged are each of these type:
    - Tidal
    - Inspiratory reserve
    - Expiratory reserve
    - Residual

Answer 14

tidal: 500ml

inspiratory reserve: 3100ml

Expiratory reserve: 1200ml

Residual: 1200ml

Question 15

1. How much of the tidal volume actually reaches the alveoli and where does the remaining ml go?

Answer 15

• 350ml of TV reaches
• rest of 150ml remains in airways as anatomic dead space

Question 16

17. How much of the pulmonary lung capacities are each of these types:

• Inspiratory
• Functional residual
• Vital
• Total Lung

Answer 16

Inspiratory:
-3600ml

Functional Residual:
-2400ml

vital:
- 4800ml

Total Lung:
- 6000ml

Question 17

19. What is forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)

Answer 17

the maximal volume of gas that can be expired from the lungs in the first second of a forced expiration from a position of full inspiration

Question 18

20. What is forced vital capacity (FVC)

Answer 18

the maximal volume of gas that can be expired from the lungs during a forced and complete expiration from a position of full inspiration.

Question 19

21. Define FEV1/FVC ratios

Answer 19

these can help characterise lung conditions as obstructive or restrictive

Question 20

what is a normal FEV1/FVC ratio?

Answer 20

A normal one is 80%:20%

Question 21

22. Define Peak expiratory Flow (PEF)

Answer 21

maximal speed of airflow exhaled

Question 22

23. What measurement is the most reproducible and helpful for diagnosing and monitoring patients with obstructive lung disorders?

Answer 22

FEV1

Question 23

24. Give 5 influencial factors of respiratory values

Answer 23

• Gender
• Height
• Age
• Ethnicity
• Disease

Question 24

25. Outline 4 obstructive lung disease

Answer 24

• Asthma
• Bronchietasis
• Cystic fibrosis
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Question 25

26. What are 2 types of Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Answer 25

- Emphysema - Chronic Bronchitis

Question 26

27. Outline 4 restrictive lung disease

Answer 26

Fibrosis Asbestosis Silicosis Pneumoconiosis

Question 27

28. How is COPD characterised

Answer 27

airflow obstruction that is not fully reversible

Question 28

29. Define Emphysema

Answer 28

destruction of the terminal bronchioles and distal airspaces

Question 29

Define Chronic Bronchitis

Answer 29

the presence of cough and sputum production for at least 3 months in each of 2 consecutive years

Question 30

what are typical patterns in Asthma and COPD which can be seen on a volume time graph?

Answer 30

- FVC nearly normal - FEV1 markedly reduced - FEV1 / FVC ratio < 70%

Question 31

32. What are typical patterns in pulmonary fibrosis which can be seen on a volume time graph?

Answer 31

- Low FVC - Low FEV1 in proportion to FVC reduction - the FEV1/FVC ratio ≥ 70%

Question 32

What is a vitalograph?

Answer 32

an instrument that records the volumes expired during a single breath at vital capacity (max breath)

Question 33

34. What do Peak flow meters record?

Answer 33

the maximal speed of air flow on exhalation in L/min

Question 34

What are advantages of peak flow meters

Answer 34

- Quick to perform - Cheap - Readily available - Can be prescribed to patient for home use

Question 35

36. What does asthma show?

Answer 35

shows diurnal variability

Question 36

what type of lung volume does a spirogram record?

Answer 36

static lung volumes

Question 37

what type of lung volume does FEV1/FVC record?

Answer 37

dynamic lung volumes