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Physiology > Respiratory physiology > Flashcards

Respiratory physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Upper respiratory system includes

A 
Nose
Naval cavity 
Sinuses
Pharynx 
Larynx
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2
Q

What are trachea ?

A

Approx 20 horse shoe shaped cartilage
Trachealis muscle lines posterior wall for flexibility
Lined by columnar epithelial cells
Mucous stream upwards to carry debris

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3
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

Multi system disease
Autosomal recessive inheritance
Causes mutation in cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator

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4
Q

Difference between right and left lung?

A

Right lung has 3 lobes

Left has 2

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5
Q

What are lungs lined with?

A

Pleura
Visceral pleura surround lungs
Parietal pleura attached to thoracic cavity
23 airway divisions from trachea to alveoli

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6
Q

Type 1 alveolar cells

A

Thin, flat accounting for wall lining
Microvilli
aid gaseous exchange

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7
Q

Type 2 alveolar cells

A

Thicker and less in number

Secrete surfactant

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8
Q

Surfactant

A

phospholipid and protein mixture
decreases surface tension
prevents alveoli collapsing

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9
Q

Respiratory membrane

A

Comprised of:
Squamous epithelial cell lining alveolus
Endothelial cell lining of capillaries
Gap membrane

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10
Q

Blood supply to lungs

A

Pulmonary artery
Lungs
Pulmonary Vein

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11
Q

Quiet breathing

A

Expiration results from passive recoil of lungs

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12
Q

External intercostal muscles

A

Found between ribs with fibres running downwards

Pull ribs together raising ribs up during inspiration

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13
Q

Internal intercostal muscles

A

Between ribs
Fibres run at right angles to external fibres
Depress rib cage during forced expirations

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14
Q

Boyle’ Law

A

The pressure of gas changes inversely with a change in volume
increased vol = decreased pressure

Pressure = 1 / volume

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15
Q

Atmospheric pressure

A

Variations will alter the amount of inspired oxygen available

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16
Q

Intra alveolar pressure

A

Pressure within alveoli

For air to flow in, pressure gradient must exist between atmosphere and alveoli

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17
Q

Intrapleural pressure

A

Pressure within pleural sac, usually less than atmospheric

Caused by recoil of lungs pulling on parietal pleura

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18
Q

Interpleural pressure

A

Elastic fibres try to collapse lung
parietal pleura pulled away from visceral
increased volume so decreased pressure
fluid bonds prevent total recoil

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19
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

Completely mechanical process dependent on volume change occurring in thoracic cavity

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20
Q

Mechanism of breathing

A

Air flows from region of high pressure to low pressure

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21
Q

Factors affecting ventilation

A

Gas flow - the ease which the lungs can be expanded
Lung compliance
Lung elasticity

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22
Q

Work of breathing

A

About 3% of total energy expenditure (100kcal per day)

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23
Q

COPD

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder

A

caused by smoking

Includes bronchitis, emphysema

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24
Q

Bronchitis

A

Chronic cough

low PaO2 promotes desaturation

25
Q

Emphysema

A

Prolonged expiration

Weight loss

26
Q

Asthma

A

Characterised by intermittent periods of reversible airway obstruction leading to air flow problems

27
Q

Type 1 hypersensitivity

A

allergen binds to IgE on surface of mast cells

Degranulation

28
Q

Total lung capacity

70kg adult male

A

6L

29
Q

Functional residual capacity

A

3L

30
Q

Inspiratory capacity

A

3L

31
Q

Residual volume

A

1.5L

32
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

1.5L

33
Q

Tidal volume

A

0.5L

34
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

2.5L

35
Q

Minute volume

A

= VT x BR

36
Q

Hypoventilation

A

inadequate removal of CO2 = acidosis

37
Q

Hyperventilation

A

Excessive removal of CO2 = alkalosis

38
Q

FVC

A

Forced vital capacity

39
Q

FEV1.0

A

Forced expiratory volume

40
Q

FER

A

Forced expiratory ratio

41
Q

PEFR

A

Peak expiratory flow rate

42
Q

Henry’s Law

A

The quantity of a gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas

43
Q

Factors that affect rate of diffusion

A 
V = volume of gas diffusing through membrane 
A = surface area of respiratory membrane 
D = diffusion coefficient of the gas 
T = thickness of membrane 
P1-P2 = partial pressure difference of the gas across the membrane

V = ( A x D x (P1-P2) ) / T

44
Q

Partial pressure

A

pressure of a component of a gas mixture in air

45
Q

Gas movement

A

Gas moves from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure

46
Q

Hb increases carrying capacity of blood by how much?

A

70 X

47
Q

Hb composed of

A

Iron core
4 Haem groups
each group binds 1 O2
each Hb carries 4 O2

48
Q

Bohr effect

A

H+ bind to Hb and alter shape, decreasing affinity for O2
Decreased pH leads to decreased saturation
curve shifts right
CO2 primary cause

49
Q

2,3 diphosphoglycerate

A

metabolite of CHO metabolism in RBCs
Acts as inhibitor, binds to Haem
Foetal Hb has poor binding of 2,3 DPG hence greater affinity for O2

50
Q

Foetal Hb causes curve to shift…

A

right

51
Q

Myoglobin

A

Only binds 1 O2

Higher affinity for O2 so only releases it at very low PO2

52
Q

What controls breathing?

A

Medulla and Pons

53
Q

What fine tunes inspiration ?

A

Pneumotaxix centre

54
Q

What fine tunes expiration?

A

Apneustic centre

55
Q

Medulla oblongata has 2 centres

A

Dorsal respiratory group: controls diaphragm and external muscles
Quiet breathing

Ventral respiratory group
Controls accessory inspiratory and expiratory muscles
Forced breathing

56
Q

Respiratory reflexes brought about by:

A

Chemoreceptors

Baroreceptors

57
Q

Central Chemoreceptors

A

monitor composition of CSF
respond to rude in [H+] and PCO2
stimulation increases depth and rate of respiration

58
Q

Baroreceptors

A

Afferent fibres stimulated by a rise in BP
fall in BP = increased ventilation
rise in BP = decreased ventilation

59
Q

Hering Breuer reflexes

A

Inflation reflex
overexpansion of lungs stimulates stretch receptors in bronchioles
DRG inhibited, VRG stimulated
Active exhalation

Deflation reflex
stimulated by decreased alveolar vol
VRG inhibited, DRG stimulated
Inhibition of expiration

Physiology (13 decks)

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