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RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

what does the binding of O2 cause in Hb subunits

A

change from tense to relaxed state

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2
Q

What causes the Bohr effect

A

chloride shift increasing salt bridge formation

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3
Q

what effect does BPG have on the 02 dissociation curve

A

reduces affinity as resists salt bridge formation

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4
Q

how does BPG differ in foetal Hb

A

BPG level are decreased therefore Hb has higher affinity

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5
Q

How much O2 is associated with Hb and how much is dissolved

A

5% dissolved

95% HB

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6
Q

how long does it take for blood to be saturated with 02 in the alveoli

A

0.25 seconds

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7
Q

At rest blood spends 0.75 seconds in the alveoli, how does this change with exercise

A

time reduced to 0.25 seconds

progressive lung diseases will affect people during exercise first

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8
Q

methods of automatic neural control of breathing

A

PRE BOTZINGER COMPLEX in medulla –> rhythmical breathing

STRETCH RECEPTORS in lungs inhibit inspiration to protect lungs

PROPRIOCEPTORS in muscles, tendons and joints –> increase ventilation

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9
Q

Chemical control of ventilation

A

CENTRAL chemoreceptors (sensitive to PCO2 via H+ ions)

PERIPHERAL chemoreceptors
sensitive to love PO2 [and ph]

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10
Q

what is resting O2 consumption

A

250ml/min

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11
Q

How does the global part of Hb modify the properties of haem

A

Makes reaction reversible

O2 can bind co-operatively

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12
Q

What is Henry’s law

A

content of dissolved gas X in liquid Y= solubility of XinY. pp of X

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13
Q

3 mechanisms of CO2 transport in the blood

A
  1. dissolved in blood
  2. carbaminos
  3. as carbonic acid in RBCs
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14
Q

What is the Haldane effect

A

deoxy blood can carry more CO2 as Hb mops up H+ ions forming carbamino groups

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15
Q

what is the normal PO2 in arterial blood

A

100mmHg (roughly same as mean alveolar)

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16
Q

what is the Bohr effect

A

reduced affinity for O2 owing to:

  1. fall in pH
  2. rise in PO2
  3. Rise in temp
  4. 2,3-BPG
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17
Q

what is the PO2 in capillary beds

A

40mmHg

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18
Q

What is Ficks law?

A

measures rate of diffusion.
Directly proportional to area, diffusion constant, partial pressure gradient
Inversely proportional to thickness

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19
Q

The alveolar gas equation

A

PAO2= PIO2 -(PACO2/0.8)

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20
Q

what is starling’s equation

A

measures the flow of blood

F=Kfc[^P-reflection coef .^colloid]

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21
Q

what is the total blood volume in the pulmonary circulation

A

500ml

10% of total

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22
Q

what cause active and passive changes in perfusion

A 
Passive:
- recruitment
- distension
Active:
- hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction
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23
Q

what is the normal VQ ratio

24
Q

what is the V/Q at the base of the lung

25
what is the V/Q at the apex
>1 (~3)
26
how much of the CO is shunted via the bronchial and mediastinal veins into the pulmonary veins
2-3%
27
how does venous pooling occur in the standing position
1. veins expand --> greater capacity unto 600ml 2. hydrostatic forces force fluid out can mimic effect of haemorrhage
28
how music water is in the average adult male
64% (42L) | 53% in females
29
explain the 20:40:60 rule
20 ECF 40 ICF 60% of body weight is water
30
what is the osmolarity of blood
300-310 mOsm/L
31
what is the osmolarity of 0.9% NaCl
308 mOsm/L
32
what is the osmolarity of intracellular fluid
290 mOsm/L
33
what percentage of a unit of 5% dextrose would stay in the plasma after equilibration
7%
34
what is the osmolarity of 5% dextrose
252mOsm/L
35
which 2 systems regulate body fluid compartments
osmoregulation | volume regulation
36
how does osmoregulation work
osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus (OVLT, SO) communicate with the posterior pituitary to secrete ADH when osmolarity falls
37
how does volume regulation help maintain body fluid compartments
sensed by ECV, carotid sinus, afferent arterioles and atria acts on: RAAS, SNS, SNP, ADH, pressure natriuresis
38
what is oedema
osmotic expansion leading to increased ECW vol
39
what might cause hyPERosmotic expansion
Oral rehydration therapy
40
what might cause hypOsmotic expansion
water retention
41
what might cause osmotic contraction
cholera | osm stays the same
42
what might cause hyPERosmotic contraction
loss of water
43
what might cause hypOsmotic contraction
loss of solute e.g. in adrenal disease
44
what is starling's law of the heart
decreased blood volume leads to decreased cardiac output
45
how long is the normal PR interval
120-200ms | 3-5 small squares
46
how long is the normal QRS
120ms | 3 small squares
47
how long should the QT interval be
350ms | proportional to HR
48
what is the duration of a ventricular action potential
400ms (4 in muscle)
49
how would you calculate HR from an ECG
300/RR or 1500/RR for small squares
50
what are the difference between atrial/nodal APs and ventricular APs
atrial has shorter plateau phase, slower upstroke and uses a different Na channel in depolarisation
51
in a normal axis what would you expect to see on an ECG
Positive: I, II, aVL, AVF Negative: III, aVR
52
what are the short term, intermediate and long term controls of blood pressure
SHORT: baroreceptor INT: transcapillary shift vascular stress relaxation (10-60min) RAAS (after 20mins) LONG : kidney --> aldosterone, ADH
53
Which cells mostly fire during expiration
The VRG
54
Which cells most fire during inspiration
The DRG also inhibits VRG
55
What is the role of the pontine respiratory group
To fine tune breathing | Transaction at this level leads to abnormal gasping pattern
56
Which cells in the cerebral cortex are involved in the conscious modification of breathing
The pyramidal tracts
57
Which 4 reflexes are present in the lung and modify breathing
Irritants in nose and upper airways --> vagus --> coughing, aspiration reflex, diving reflex Pulmonary stretch detectors --> vagus --> decr resp via herring breuher Irritant receptors: noxious gases --> bronchoconstriction J receptors detect fluid in lungs --> dyspnoea in left sided heart failure

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