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Y1Systems > Respiratory physiology 2 > Flashcards

Respiratory physiology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the appoximate total volume of a lung?

A

6L

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2
Q

What volume of air do the lungs normally contain at a normal respiration rate?

A

2.8L, however normally not all 2.8L are breathed out during expiration. typically 500ml

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3
Q

Define ‘tidal volume’

A

The volume of air breathed in and out of the lungs at each breath

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4
Q

Define ‘ Expiratory reserve volume’

A

The maximum volume of air which can be expelled from the lungs at the end of a normal respiration

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5
Q

Define ‘Inspiratory reserve volume’

A

The maximum volume of airw which can be drawn into the lungs at the end of a nromal inspiration

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6
Q

Define ‘Residual volume’

A

The volume of gas in the lungs at the end of a maximal expiration

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7
Q

Define ‘vital capacity’

A

Total lung volume minus the residual volume. Essentially the total amount of air you can expire in one exhalation after fully filling up your lungs

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8
Q

Define ‘functional residual capacity’

A

Volume of lungs at the end of a full relaxed exhalation

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9
Q

Define ‘ inspiratory capacity’

A

tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

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10
Q

How many pleural cavities are in the respiratory system

A

2 lungs = 2 pleural cavities

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11
Q

Descibe what is meant by the ‘hilum of the lungs’

A

Point at which the lungs connect with the major airways

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12
Q

Describe the parts of the pleural cavity

A

Visceral and parietal

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13
Q

Describe the parietal aspect of the pleural fluid in the cavity

A

Part which is closes to the ribs and inferiorly stuck to the diaphragm

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14
Q

Describe the visceral aspect of the pleural fluid in the cavity

A

Membrane attached to the organ of the lung (inner bit)

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15
Q

What does the fluid in the plural sac allow for?

A

Friction free movement of the lung as parietal and visceral membranes remain in contact and glide across each other

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16
Q

Define ‘ pleurisy’

A

Inflammation of the pleural membranes

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17
Q

Define ‘pneumothorax’

A

When air is in the thoracic cavity, normally due to penetrating wounds to the chest

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18
Q

How are the lungs stuck to the chest wall

A

Through the cohesive forces of the pleural membrane.
As the pleural fluid stops the lungs recoiling which results in a cohesive force against the elastic fibres which hold the lungs to the chest wall

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19
Q

Why do alveoli not completely collapse and expire all air during expiration

A

Alveoli stay partially inflated to decrease energy loss

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20
Q

State boyle’s law

A

The pressure exerted by a gas is inversely proportional to its volume.
e.g increased volume = decreased pressure.
decrease volume = increased pressure

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21
Q

Gasses always move from ____ to ____ pressure

A

High to low pressure

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22
Q

What are the muscles involved in expiration?

A

Internal intercostal muscles And abdominal muscles

23
Q

Describe the mechanism of the internal intercostal muscles within expiration

A
  • Run in opposite direction to external intercostal muscles
  • Pull the rib cage downwards and inwards
  • Results in less volume = increases pressures and gas flows out
24
Q

Describe the mechanism of the abdominal muscles within expiration

A
  • Push organs up against diaphragm which decreases volume of thoracic cavity
  • Results in increased pressure in thoracic cavity which increases pressure
25
Q

Describe how the scalenes and the stemocleoidomastoids are used in increased respiratory load

A

They are used to expand the chest to allow more air into the thoracic cavity

26
Q

The diaphragm is responsible for what % of muscular activity during inspiration

A

70%

27
Q

What are intercostal muscles?

A

Muscles that run in between the ribs

28
Q

What type of intercostal muscle aids inspiration?

A

External intercostal muscles

29
Q

When are the Scalenes and stemocleoidmastoids used in respiration?

A
  • During increased inspiratory load

- Used to expand the chest to allow more air into thoracic cavity

30
Q

Describe the internal intercostal muscles

A
  • Run in opposite direction to external intercostal muscles

- Pull the ribcage downwards and inwards to air expiration

31
Q

Describe the abdominal muscles role in respiration?

A
  • Push organs up against the diaphragm which decreases volume of thoracic cavity
32
Q

What are the muscles of expiration?

A

Internal intercostal muscles

Abdominal muscles

33
Q

What nerve innervated the diaphragm?

A

Phrenic nerve

34
Q

What happens when the diaphragm contracts?

A
  • Increases the volume as the diaphragm becomes more straight
  • Pressure inside thoracic cavity becomes less than atmospheric pressure which causes inspiration
35
Q

What happens when the diaphragm relaxes?

A
  • The volume of the thoracic cavity decreases
  • pressure increases
  • Expiration
36
Q

Describe the role of the external intercostal muscles within respiration?

A
  • Raise the ribcage upwards and outwards
  • When they contract they lift up the sternum by lifting up the ribcage
  • Creates an increase in anterior posterior dimensions of thoracic cavity between sternum and sternum
  • Increases the lateral dimensions via the ribs
  • This aids inspiration as the increasing dimension helps decrease pressure
37
Q

Describe the role of the internal intercostal muscle within respiration

A
  • Pull the ribcage down and decrease space
  • Diameter of airways increases during inspiration and decreases during expiration
  • (Opposite of external intercostal muscle)
38
Q

Define ‘intra-thoracic alveolar pressure’

A

Pressure inside the thoracic cavity

39
Q

Explain what is meant by the intra thoracic alveolar pressure being:

  • Positive
  • Negative
A 
Positive = greater than atmospheric pressure. Expiration
Negative = less than atmospheric pressure. Inspiration
40
Q

Describe intra pleural pressure

A
  • Usually negative

- Can become positive in some pathological situations

41
Q

What is meant by ‘transpulmonary pressure’

A

The difference between the alveolar pressure and the intra pleural pressure

42
Q

the transpulmonary pressure is always what?

A

Positive as the intra pleural pressure is always negative

43
Q

Describe surfactant

A
  • Detergent like fluid produced by type II alveolar cells
44
Q

What is the effect of surfactant?

A

Reduces surface tension on alveolar membrane thus reducing the tendency for alveoli to collapse

45
Q

What is meant by surface tension and when does it occur?

A

Whenever there is an air-water interface and refers to the attraction between the water molecules

46
Q

What is the effect of air needing to be fully saturated before it can diffuse from alveoli to the blood?

A
  • Produces layer of fluid on surface level of alveoli and ir in the middle - air water interface
    THIS PRODUCES SURFACE TENSION BBBYYYYYYY
47
Q

Explain the mechanism of how surfactant prevents the collapse of alveoli

A
  • Surface layer of water would create an inwardly directed pressure that would collapse alveoli as water is attracted to itself
  • Surfactant reduces attraction between water molecules
  • This reduces surface tension between water molecules. means alveoli don’t collapse
48
Q

Does surfactant increase or decrease lung complaince?

A

Increases

49
Q

Does surfactant increase or decrease lung’s tendancy to recoil?

A

Reduces

50
Q

Is surfactant more effective is small or large alveoli?

A

More effective in small alveoli than large alveoli because surfactant molecules come closer together and are therefore more concentrated

51
Q

At what stage of gestation does surfactant production start and end?

A
  • starts ~25weeks gestation

- Complete ~36 weeks gestation

52
Q

What stimulates surfactant production?

A

Thyroid hormones and cortisol which increases towards the end of the pregnancy

53
Q

Describe infant respiratory distress syndrome

A

When premature babies do not have sufficient surfactant levels when born

54
Q

Define ‘complaince’

A

Change in volume relative to change in pressure.

  • i.e how much does volume change for any given pressure.
  • This represents the stretchability of the lungs not the elasticity

Y1Systems (24 decks)

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