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Pulmonology > Respiratory Physiology > Flashcards

Respiratory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Conduction Zone

A

Conduits to gas exchange, including respiratory structures that do not participate in gas exchange.

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2
Q

Respiratory Zone

A

Site of gas exchange

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3
Q

How many orders of branching happens in the bronchial tree?

A

23

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4
Q

How many alveoli do the lungs have?

A

300 million

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5
Q

Which type of epithelium are alveolar walls made of?

A

Squamous epithelium

Type I cells

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6
Q

Which cells secrete surfactant?

A

Type II cuboidal cells

also secrete antimicrobial proteins

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7
Q

Left lung anatomy

A

Smaller

2 lobes separated by oblique fissure

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8
Q

Right lung anatomy

A

3 lobes separated by oblique (inferior) and horizontal fissures (superior)

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9
Q

Pleurae

A

Thin, double layered serosa
Parietal pleura sits on thoracic wall
Visceral pleura on external lung surface
Pleural fluid provides lube and surface tension

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10
Q

What is atmospheric pressure at sea level?

A

P(atm) 760 mm Hg

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11
Q

Intrapulmoary pressure

A

AKA intra-alveolar pressure
Fluctuates with breathing
Always eventually equalizes with P(atm)

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12
Q

Intrapleural Pressure

A 
P(ip)  
Pressure in pleural cavity
Fluctuates with breathing
Always a negative pressure 
< Patm and Ppul
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13
Q

Two inward forces promoting lung collapse?

A

Elastic recoil of lungs

Surface tension of alveolar fluid

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14
Q

Force that enlarges the lungs?

A

Elasticity of chest wall pulling lungs outward

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15
Q

What happens if P(ip) = P(pul)?

A

The lungs collapse

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16
Q

P(pul) - P(ip) =?

A

Transpulmonary Pressure

The greater the transpulmonary pressure, the larger the lungs

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17
Q

Atelectasis

A

Lung collapse
Lack or air delivery, collapsed alveoli
Pneumothorax

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18
Q

Boyles Law

A

P1V1 = P2V2

Pressure varies inversely with volume

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19
Q

Factors that influence pulmonary ventilation

A

Airway resistance
Alveolar surface tension
Lung compliance

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20
Q

Airway resistance

A

Friction is the major source

Gas flow is inverse to resistance

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21
Q

Where is highest resistance in bronchiole tree?

A

Medium sized bronchi

22
Q

Where is the least resistance?

A

Terminal bronchioles

23
Q

Which drug reduces airway resistance?

A

Epinephrine

24
Q

Lungs with COPD showed __ - __% reduction in the number of terminal bronchioles.

A

72 - 89%

25
Q

Surfactant

A

Detergent-like lipid that discourages alveolar collapse.

Produced by type II cells

26
Q

Lung compliance

A

Normally high

Surfactant helps by reducing surface tension

27
Q

Tidal Volume (TV)

A

Amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions.
Average: 500ml

28
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation.
Male: 3100
Female: 1900

29
Q

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation.
Male: 1200
Female: 700

30
Q

Residual Volume (RV)

A

Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation
average: 1200

31
Q

Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

A

Tidal volume + IRV

32
Q

Functional residual capacity (FRC)

A

ERV + RV

33
Q

Vital Capacity (VC)

A

TV + IRV + ERV

34
Q

Total lung capacity (TLC)

A

Sum of all lung volumes

35
Q

Average total lung capacity?

A

Males: 6000
Females: 4200

36
Q

Average volume of dead space?

A

150 ml

37
Q

N2 %

A

78.6

38
Q

O2 %

A

20.9

39
Q

CO2 %

A

.04

40
Q

H2O %

A

.46

41
Q

CO2 is ___ times more soluble than O2 in water.

A

20 times

42
Q

How long does it take for the partial pressures of O2 in the alveoli and blood vessels to reach equilibrium?

A

.25 seconds

104 mmHg

43
Q

CO2 diffuses in equal amounts with ?

A

Oxygen

44
Q

Ventilation-Perfusion Coupling

A

The amount of gas reaching the alveoli and the amount of blood reaching the alveoli must be equal for efficient has exchange.

45
Q

When alveolar CO2 is high, bronchioles _____.

A

Dilate

46
Q

When alveolar CO2 is low, bronchioles ______.

A

Constrict

47
Q

Oxygen autoregulates ______ Diameter.

A

Arteriole

48
Q

An increase in body temperature shift the curve to the?

A

Right

49
Q

Decrease in the pH shifts the curve to the?

A

Right
Bohr effect
Decreases affinity for O2

50
Q

In what form is CO2 predominantly transported in the blood?

A

Bicarbonate ions

51
Q

Slow shallow breathing causes pH to?

A

drop

52
Q

True of false. CO2 is the most powerful factor controlling respiration

A

true

Pulmonology (15 decks)

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