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Respiratory Emergencies > Respiratory Physiology > Flashcards

Respiratory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

How many lobes are the lungs divided into?

A

5 lobes (3R, 2L)

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2
Q

What are each lobe is divided into what segments?

A

Bronchopulmonary segments

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3
Q

What are the body structures?

A

Chest wall, visceral pleura, parietal pleura, diaphragm

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4
Q

Visceral pleura

A

Covers the external lung surface including fissures

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5
Q

Parietal pleura

A

Covers the thoracic wall/superior face of the diaphragm. Forms the lateral walls of the mediastinal enclosure

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6
Q

What is the intrapleural pressure?

A

756mmHg (-4mmHg)

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7
Q

What is the Collapsing force of the lungs?

A

4mmHg

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8
Q

What is the Intrapulmonary pressure?

A

760mmHg (0mmHg)

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9
Q

Pulmonary perfusion

A

Requirements; adequate blood volume, intact capillaries, efficient pumping action by the heart. Hemoglobin, carbon dioxide

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10
Q

The physiological process is dependent on what three laws?

A

Boyles law, Dalton’s law, Henry’s law

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11
Q

What three processes make up respiration?

A

Ventilation, diffusion, perfusion

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12
Q

Ventilation

A

The mechanical process that moves air into and out of the lungs

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13
Q

What are the two phases of ventilation?

A

Inspiration, expiration

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14
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

When temperature is constant, the pressure of a gas varies inversely with it’s volume; increasing and decreasing pressure to cause air to either use in/out.

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15
Q

What are the two types of inspiration?

A

Active (normal), forced

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16
Q

Active inspiration

A

Stimulus from respiratory center of the brain (medulla), transmitted via phrenic nerve to diaphragm and to spinal cord/intercostal nerves stimulating intercostal muscles

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17
Q

Forced inspiration

A

During heavy respiratory demand, accessory muscles assist to further increase the intrathoracic area

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18
Q

What are the 4 accessory muscles that assist in forced inspiration?

A

Sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, pectoralis minor, abdominal wall

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19
Q

What are the two types of expiration?

A

Passive (normal), forced

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20
Q

Passive expiration

A

Stretch receptors in lungs signal respiratory center via vagus nerve to inhibit inspiration

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21
Q

Forced expiration

A

Required in some diseased states or during exercise; active process requiring energy, uses internal intercostals and abdominal muscles

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22
Q

Lung volumes in adult male

A

Total lung capacity (6000mL), vital capacity (4800mL), inspiratory reserve (3000mL), tidal volume (500mL), expiratory volume (1200mL), residual volume (1200mL)

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23
Q

Respiratory rate

A

Involuntary; however, can be voluntarily controlled. Chemical and physical mechanisms provide involuntary impulses to correct any breather irregularities

24
Q

Normal respiratory rates

A

Adult: 12-20/min
Children:18-24/min
Infants: 40-60/min

25
Q

Respiratory drive

A

Chemoreceptors in medulla, stimulated +PaCO2 or -pH, PaCO2 is normal neuroregulatory control of ventilations

26
Q

Hypoxia drive

A

Chemoreceptors in aortic arch/carotid bodies, stimulated by -PaCO2, back up regulatory control

27
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Located in carotid bodies/arch of aorta/medulla, stimulated by -PaCO2/+PaCO2/-pH, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pH is primary control of respiratory center

28
Q

What are the two respiration control centres?

A

Pons, medulla oblongata

29
Q

Pons

A

Influence activity of medulla responses, smooth out the transition between both respiratory phases

30
Q

What are the 2 areas of the medulla oblongata?

A

Dorsal respiratory group (DRG), ventral respiratory center (VRG)

31
Q

Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

A

Inspiratory center, controls external intercostal and diaphragm, stimulation when dormant phases for inspiration then expiration

32
Q

Ventral respiratory center (VRG)

A

Has both inspiratory and expiratory centre’s but mainly activated when O2 demands increase, involves the accessory respiratory muscles during forced breathing, especially forced expiration

33
Q

Nervous impulses from the respiratory center

A

Main respiratory center is medulla, neurons within medulla initiate impulses that produce respiration, apneustic center assumes respiratory control if the medulla fails to initiate impulses, pneumotoxic center controls expiration

34
Q

Stretch receptors

A

The hearing-Breuer reflex prevents over-expansion of the lungs

35
Q

Dalton’s Law

A

Each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure

36
Q

External respiration

A

Gases diffuse from areas of high partial pressure to areas of low partial pressure, deoxygenated blood becomes saturated

37
Q

What is external respiration aided by?

A

Thin alveolar membrane, 70sq. Meters total surface area, narrow capillary pathway (blood calls travel single file)

38
Q

Internal respiration

A

Exchange of gases between blood and tissues, conversion of oxygenated blood into deoxygenated

39
Q

Internal respiration; observe diffusion of O2 inward

A

At rest 25% of avaliable O2 enters cells.
During exercise more O2 is absorbed.

40
Q

What happens when a portion of the alveoli collapses?

A

Ventilation/perfusion mismatch occurs affecting anyone concentration in the blood

41
Q

What affects carbon dioxide concentrations in the blood?

A

Hyperventilation (increased respiratory rate/deeper respiration)

42
Q

What causes an increase CO2 production?

A

Fever, muscle exertion, shivering, metabolic processes resulting in formation of metabolic acids

43
Q

Decreased CO2 elimination results from decreased alveolar ventilation

A

Respiratory depression, airway obstruction, respiratory muscle impairment, obstructive diseases

44
Q

Henry’s Law

A

Quantity of gas that will dissolve in a liquid depends upon the amount of gas present and its solubility coefficient

45
Q

What are the two types of oxygen transport?

A

Oxyhemoglobin, Deoxyhemoglobin

46
Q

Oxyhemoglobin

A

Contains 98.5% chemically combined oxygen and hemoglobin - inside red blood cells.
Does not dissolve easily in water

47
Q

What 4 factors affect hemoglobin binding?

A

Acidity (pH), partial pressure of carbon dioxide, temperature, BPG (2,3-biphosphoglycerate)

48
Q

How does acidity (pH) affect hemoglobin binding?

A

As acidity increased, O2 affinity for Hb decreases.
Bohr effect.
H= binds to hemoglobin and alters it.
O2 left behind in needy tissues.

49
Q

How does partial pressure affect hemoglobin binding?

A

As Pco2 rises with exercise, O2 is released more easily.
CO2 converts to carbonic acid and become H+ and bicarbonte ions and lowers pH.

50
Q

How does temperature affect hemoglobin binding?

A

As temperature increases, more O2 is released.
Metabolic activity and heat

51
Q

How does BPG (2,3-biphosphoglycerate) affect hemoglobin binding?

A

Found when RBC break down glucose with anaerobic process of glycolysis.
More BPG = more O2 released

52
Q

Carbon dioxide transport mechanisms

A

Dissolved in plasma (7% - 10%)
Combined with Hb and plasma proteins for easy release at the alveoli (23%) referred to as carbaminohemoglobin
As bicarbonate (70%)

53
Q

What are the four types of hypoxia?

A

Hypoxic hypoxia, hypemic hypoxia, stagnant hypoxia, histotoxic hypoxia

54
Q

Hypoxic hypoxia

A

The lack of oxygen available to the body as a whole

55
Q

Hypemic hypoxia

A

The body is unable to transport a sufficient supply of the oxygen that is available

56
Q

Stagnant hypoxia

A

There is a sufficient supply of oxygen in the blood stream, but it is unable to move throughout the body

57
Q

Histoxic hypoxia

A

Oxygen-rich blood is flowing normally, but the organs can’t make use of it

Respiratory Emergencies (6 decks)

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