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Respiratory Emergencies > Respiratory Anatomy > Flashcards

Respiratory Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Respiration

A

The exchange of gases between a living organism and its environtment

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2
Q

What are the major function of the respiratory system?

A

Provides a passageway for oxygen to enter the body
Provides a passageway for Carbon dioxide to exit the body
Facilitate the gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body

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3
Q

What three distinct processes make up the process of respiration?

A

Ventilation
Diffusion
Perfusion

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4
Q

Ventilation

A

The mechanical process of moving air in and out of the lungs

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5
Q

Diffusion

A

The movement of molecules through the membrane from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration

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6
Q

Perfusion

A

The circulation of blood through the capillaries

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7
Q

What two components is the airway divided into?

A

Upper airway, lower airway

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8
Q

What are the components of the upper airway?

A

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx

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9
Q

What are the components of the lower airway?

A

Trachea, primary bronchi, lungs

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10
Q

Major function of the upper airway

A

Warm, filter, humidify air

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11
Q

Pharynx/throat

A

Muscular tube that extends from the nose and mouth to the level of the esophagus and trachea

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12
Q

What is the pharynx/throat composed of?

A

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

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13
Q

Mouth

A

Uvula, palatine tonsil, tongue, lingual frenulum, gingiva

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14
Q

5 basic functions of the nose

A

Passage of air into the respiratory system, warms air prior to entering the lungs, moistens air prior to entering the lungs, filters and cleans air of particles prior to entering the lungs, speech resonating chamber

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15
Q

Nasal cavity

A

The space inside the nose above the bone that forms the roof of your mouth and curves down at the back to join the throat. Divided into two sections called the nasal passages.

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16
Q

External nares

A

Openings that form the entrance to the nose

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17
Q

Turbinates

A

Tiny structures inside your nose that cleanse, heat and humidify the air as it passes through your nasal cavity.

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18
Q

Nasal septum

A

A wall of cartilage that divides the nose into 2 separate chambers

19
Q

Internal nares

A

The opening from the nasal cavity into the pharynx

20
Q

Vestibule

A

The area just indie the nostril that leads into the nasal cavity

21
Q

Olfactory Mucosa

A

Lines the slit-like superior area of the nasal cavity, contains sense of smell receptors

22
Q

Respiratory Mucosa

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, contains mucous and serous glands, 1qt. Per day mucous containing lysozyme (antibacterial enzyme) and defensins (antibiotic), gentle current of the ciliated cells moves contaminated mucous towards the pharynx for swallowing and digestion by stomach juices

23
Q

Paranasal sinuses

A

Two-way streets filled with mucus-producing (goblet) cells, small openings connect to nasal cavity, air moves in from nasal cavity and mucous drains into the cavity, helps warm and humidify air, enhances the voice resonance, frontal/sphenoid/maxillary sinuses

24
Q

Nasopharynx

A

Functions as an air passageway, lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium, takes over the mucous propelling job from the nasal mucosa, contains the pharyngeal tonsil, contains the openings for the auditory tubes which drain middle ear cavities and allow middle ear pressure to equalize with atmospheric pressure

25
Q

Oropharynx

A

Air and food passageway, epithelium lining changes to stratified squamous epithelium to accommodate food passage (chemicals and friction, contains the palatine and lingual tonsils

26
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

Air and food passageway, lined with stratified squamous epithelium which continues from the oropharynx

27
Q

Eustachian tube

A

A narrow passage leading from the pharynx to the cavity of the middle ear permitting the equalization of pressure on each side of the eardrum

28
Q

Anatomy of the lower airway

A

Area where there respiratory exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs
Trachea, alveoli, main bronchi, smaller bronchi, bronchioles

29
Q

Inverted tree

A

Trachea representing trunk, alveoli resembling tree’s leaves

30
Q

Larynx

A

Thyrohyoid ligament, hyoid bone, laryngeal prominence (Adams apple), thyroid cartilage, cricothyroid membrane, cricoid cartilage, trachea

31
Q

Function of the epiglottis

A

Leaf-shaped structure attached to the thyroid cartilage by the “stem”, leaf part moves up and down to close the opening to the glottis (open space between vocal cords of the larynx), keeps food out of the lungs

32
Q

Trachea

A

Windpipe, 10-12 cm long and 2.5 cm in diameter, extends from the larynx to the mediastinum, ends at primary bronchi division point (superior border of T-5), flexible and mobile, consists of 3 layers of tissue similar to many tubular organs and 16-20 “C” shaped hyaline cartilage rings

33
Q

Bronchial tree

A

Begins at the trachea and ends at the terminal bronchioles, epithelial lining changes from primary bronchi to terminal bronchioles, pseudostratified ciliated epithelium in bronchi to non-ciliated cuboidal epithelium in the terminal bronchioles

34
Q

What parts of the lower airway are involved in gas exchange?

A

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli

35
Q

Respiratory bronchioles

A

Where gas exchange occurs, divide to become ducts

36
Q

Alveolar ducts

A

Single layer of epithelium, gas exchange site

37
Q

Alveolus

A

Site of gas exchange, cup-shaped structure lined with a single epithelial layer (2 types of cells) and elastic membrane

38
Q

Alveolar sacs

A

2 or more alveoli share a common opening

39
Q

Capillary

A

Alveolus, alveolar epithelium, basement lamina, interstitial space, capillary endthelium, red blood cell

40
Q

Types of Epithelial cells?

A

Type I: simple squamous
Type II: septal cells
Alveolar macrophages: dust cells

41
Q

Type I: simple squamous

A

Good for diffusion of gases

42
Q

Type II: septal cells

A

Produce surfactant which lowers the surface tension of fluid on alveoli, prevents collapse of alveoli, surfactant is a combination of phospholipids and lipoproteins

43
Q

Alveolar Macrophages: Dust cells

A

Wandering phagocytes that remove fine dust particles and other debris in the alveolar spaces

Respiratory Emergencies (6 decks)

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