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Veterinary Physiology > Respiratory Physiology > Flashcards

Respiratory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what is respiration

A

all components of the interchange of gases between the atmosphere and cells

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2
Q

what is ventilation

A

movement of air into and out of the lungs, alveoli

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3
Q

what is gas exchange

A

diffusion between air in lungs and blood; diffusion between blood and tissues

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4
Q

upper respiratory tract

A

nose, nasal cavity, pharynx larynx

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5
Q

lower respiratory tract

A

trachea, bronchi, lungs

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6
Q

the junction of bronchi is called

A

carina

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7
Q

the carina contains

A

irritant receptors that trigger the cough reflex

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8
Q

the conducting zone

A

trachea to terminal bronchioles

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9
Q

the respiratory zone

A

respiratory bronchioles to alveoli

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10
Q

tidal volume

A

volume of air inhaled in one breath

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11
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

volume between normal inhalation and maximal inhalation

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12
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

volume between normal passive exhalation and maximal exhalation

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13
Q

residual volume

A

volume of air after maximal exhalation

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14
Q

inspiratory capacity

A

tidal + inspiratory reserve

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15
Q

vital capacity

A

tidal + inspiratory reserve + expiratory reserve

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16
Q

total lung capacity

A

total lung volume (including residual capacity)

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17
Q

minute ventilation (VE)

A

total volume of air breathed per minute; TVxf

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18
Q

clusters of alveoli are surrounded by (2)

A

elastic fibres and a capillary network

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19
Q

Type I vs Type II pneumocytes

A

Type I: gas exchange; 95% of surface
Type II: surfactant

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20
Q

larger alveoli have (more/less) surface tension

A

less

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21
Q

surfactant consists of

A

lipids and proteins

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22
Q

what is the role of surfactant

A

equalize PRESSURE between different alveoli

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23
Q

what contracts to allow inspiration

A

external intercostals, diaphragm (also serratus dorsalis cranialis)

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24
Q

quiet expiration is a result of

A

elastic recoil of the lungs and ribcage

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25
Q

active expiration is a result of

A

elastic recoil + internal intercostal muscles, rectus abdominis, external/internal oblique and transversus abdominis

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26
Q

elastic recoil of the lung is due to

A

elastic tissue, surface tension in alveoli

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27
Q

what is compliance

A

distensibility of the lungs (ease with which lungs and thorax expand)

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28
Q

conditions that decrease compliance

A

pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary edema, respiratory distress syndrome

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29
Q

T/F pleural space is normally a virtual space

A

T

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30
Q

describe Ppl during breathing

A

subatmospheric at rest (-); becomes more - during inspiration, becomes less - (sometimes +) during expiration

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31
Q

if lung compliance decreases, ppl becomes more ____ on inhalation

A

negative (can damage the lung)

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32
Q

if airway resistance increases, ppl becomes more ______ on inspiration (especially with ____ airway obstruction), and more _______ on expiration (especially with ______ airway obstruction)

A

negative; upper; positive; lower

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33
Q

dead space

A

all ventilated parts of the respiratory system where gas exchange does not occur

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34
Q

T/F the conducting pathways are dead space

A

T

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35
Q

anatomic dead space + alveolar dead space =

A

physiologic dead space

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36
Q

if dead space ventilation increases, what often happens to alveolar ventilation

A

decreases

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37
Q

T/F you want to maximize dead space

A

F

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38
Q

________ flow tends to occur in larger airways whereas ______ flow tends to occur in smaller airways

A

turbulent; laminar

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39
Q

if turbulent flow develops in smaller airways, total gas movement is ______________ and lung sounds ___________

A

decreased; increase

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40
Q

T/F there is more resistance in the upper airways than the lower airways

A

T

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41
Q

histamine, leukotrienes, serotonin and TXA2 all promote (constriction/dilation) of airways

A

constriction

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42
Q

nitric oxide promotes (constriction/dilation) of airways

A

dilation

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43
Q

sympathetic receptors in the airways are primarily

A

β2 -> SM relaxation

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44
Q

common causes of inspiratory dyspnea

A

stenotic nares, dorsal displacement of soft palate, brachycephalic syndrome, laryngeal hemiplegia

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45
Q

common causes of expiratory dyspnea

A

physical narrowing of intrathoracic airways (ex. bronchoconstriction, edema), collapse of intrathoracic airways, pleural effusion, pneumothorax

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46
Q

T/F vascular pressures are lower in the pulmonary circulation than in the systemic circulation

A

T

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47
Q

T/F vessel walls of the pulmonary circulation are thicker walled and contain more smooth muscle than segments in the systemic circulation

A

F: other way around

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48
Q

T/F the lungs act as a blood reservoir during low demand

A

T

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49
Q

bronchial arteries are _________; bronchiolar arteries and alveolar duct arteries are called

A

elastic; muscular

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50
Q

the bulk of gas exchange occurs

A

between inflation and deflation (decrease in pressure therefore blood rushes in)

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51
Q

most resistance to pulmonary blood flow is in

A

arterioles

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52
Q

pulmonary vascular pressure differences during cardiac and respiratory cycles are due in part to changes in

A

pulmonary vascular resistance

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53
Q

what are the passive influences of PVR and PVP

A

cardiac pressure, pulmonary inflation, capillary distension and recruitment, hematocrit, vascular anatomy and position

54
Q

during exhalation, extra-alveolar arterioles/venules are _____________, but alveolar capillaries are _________(septa are _____)

A

compressed; dilated; not stretched

55
Q

during inhalation, extra-alveolar arterioles/venules are _____________, but alveolar capillaries are _____________(septa are ______)

A

dilated; compressed; stretched tight

56
Q

increased perfusion pressure results in what changed to pulmonary capillaries, which _______ PVR

A

increased distension and recruitment, which decreases PVR

57
Q

as blood viscosity increases, PVR __________

A

increases

58
Q

the ________ portion of the lung is preferentially perfused due to _______ resistance

A

dorsal; lower

59
Q

what are the active influences of PVP and PVR

A

neural/hormonal factors, oxygen tension

60
Q

most prostaglandins cause (vasoconstriction or vasodilation)

A

vasodilation

61
Q

a decrease in oxygen concentration in a pulmonary arteriole causes (vasoconstriction or vasodilation)

A

vasodilation

62
Q

what is the significance of bronchopulmonary anastamoses

A

provide collateral circulation to keep alveoli alive in the event that a bronchi or a vessel becomes occluded

63
Q

T/F one of the factors that draws H2O back into capillaries is the HP of capillaries

A

F; surrounded by air therefore only capillary oncotic pressure works to bring H2O back in

64
Q

oxygen comprises what % of the molecules in air

A

21%

65
Q

in dry air, PO2 =

A

PB x FO2 (barometric pressure x fraction of oxygen, 21%)

66
Q

T/F PO2 of inspired air is lower than the environmental PO2 because air is humidified

A

T (gets diluted by water vapour)

67
Q

T/F to keep PACO2 constant, alveolar ventilation increases when CO2 production lowers

A

F; it increases when CO2 production increases (ex. during exercise)

68
Q

T/F alveolar oxygen tension is lower than that of inspired air because oxygen is continuously diffusing out of the alveoli and into the blood

A

T

69
Q

the respiratory exchange ratio (rate of CO2 production/rate of O2 consumption) is typically what value

A

0.8

70
Q

O2 moves because of ________________ whereas CO2 moves because

A

large concentration gradient between PAO2 and PaO2; it is readily diffusible

71
Q

T/F CO2 is 20x more effective at diffusion than O2

A

T

72
Q

Diffusion depends on

A
  1. relative diffusion coefficient of gas (D)
  2. surface area for diffusion (A)
  3. distance between air and blood (X)
  4. pressure gradient
73
Q

what happens to gas exchange in the lung during exercise

A

get higher cardiac output, so the velocity of blood flow is high; diffusion equilibrium does not occur in alveoli (less efficient) BUT is happening more frequently, so more O2 is overall delivered to tissues

74
Q

what happens to gas exchange in tissues during exercise

A

blood vessels dilate -> blood flow slows -> more time for gas exchange; the distance the gas has to travel is also reduced

75
Q

In normal, healthy animals, the V/Q ratio is

A

~0.8

76
Q

what is a cause of normal, small V/Q mismach

A

gravity: some areas have lower V/Q than others

77
Q

what happens to V/Q when the alveolus is supplied by an obstructed bronchiole

A

drops low

78
Q

how to fix a low V/Q ratio due to airway obstruction

A

increase O2 administration

79
Q

T/F V/Q mismatch due to a right-to-left shunt responds well to O2 therapy

A

F

80
Q

what happens to V/Q when the alveolus is ventilated but has no blood? would this respond well to O2 therapy

A

becomes almost infinite; NO (because there is no blood to deliver any O2)

81
Q

what happens to V/Q when there is a left-to-right-shunt

A

drops to 0

82
Q

Hg structure

A

2α and 2β subunits surrounding a heme (C/N lattice with iron in the middle)

83
Q

Hg can bind up to how many O2 at a time

A

4

84
Q

Hg transports what % of O2 in blood

A

98

85
Q

porphyria

A

a mutation in any of 8 genes that leads to a buildup of porphyrins in the body (heme is usually made from porphyrins and iron)

86
Q

as heme enters lung and picks up oxygen, what happens

A

its affinity for O2 increases and it starts to pick it up more rapidly

87
Q

as heme enters tissue and releases oxygen what happens

A

its affinity for O2 decreases and release becomes more rapid

88
Q

hg is most fully saturated at what oxygen tension

A

70-80 mmHg

89
Q

as temperature rises, Hg affinity for O2

A

falls

90
Q

as pH decreases, Hg affinity for O2

A

decreases

91
Q

as DPG levels rise, Hg affinity for O2

A

decreases

92
Q

as Hg is depleted of O2, it changes colour to; this is called

A

reddish-blue; cyanosis

93
Q

what can cause cyanosis (2)

A

reduced O2 uptake; reduced blood flow

94
Q

oxy-Hb absorbs more (red or infrared) in pulse oximetry

A

infrared light

95
Q

deoxy-hb absorbs more (red or infrared) in pulse oximetry

A

red

96
Q

active tissues produce CO2, carbonic acid, and lactic acid, lowering pH and facilitating the release of O2 from Hg via what effect

A

Bohr effect

97
Q

how does O2 delivery increase during exercise (3)

A
  1. 5-fold increase in CO
  2. 50% increase in Hb due to splenic contraction
  3. marked increase in the O2 gradient between capillaries and tissue
98
Q

CO poisoning produces what colour in mucous membranes and skin

A

cherry red

99
Q

what is the Haldane effect

A

deoxygenated blood has increased affinity for CO2

100
Q

most CO2 is carried in the blood as

A

HCO3 (via carbonic anhydrase)

101
Q

T/F CO2 rides on Hg bound to the heme

A

F; bound to the globin

102
Q

fetal adaptations to low O2 includes (3)

A

higher Hb affinity for O2; higher Hb; higher CO

103
Q

describe fetal Hb

A

2α and 2γ

104
Q

control of ventilation come from centers in the

A

cerebrum, brainstem and spinal cord

104
Q

T/F fetal hemoglobin affinity for oxygen is greater than adult hemoglobin

A

T

105
Q

what monitors changes in blood gas tensions and pH

A

peripheral and central chemoreceptors

106
Q

T/F multiple inputs regulate the rhythm of breathing

A

T

107
Q

breathing is adjusted to

A

activity level, metabolism, posture, and non-respiratory behaviours (sniffling, vocalizing, eating)

108
Q

what are SARs and what is their role

A

Slowly Adapting Stretch Receptors; sense increase in airway volume and terminate the inspiration

109
Q

sustained stimulation of SARs causes

A

activation of expiratory neurons -> active breathing

110
Q

what innervates SARs

A

vagus (parasympathetic)

111
Q

irritant receptors are innervated by

A

vagus

112
Q

activation of irritant receptors triggers

A

bronchoconstriction, increased mucous production, coughing

113
Q

where are J receptors (C-fiber receptors) and what is their role

A

in pulmonary interstitium near capillaries; monitor the blood composition and interstitial volume and alter RR

114
Q

what is responsible for increasing RR when interstitial pressure rises during infectious, allergic or vascular disease

A

J receptors (C-fiber receptors)

115
Q

what is the job of sensory input from skeletal muscles

A

monitor force of muscle contraction and inhibit if too great

116
Q

what is the job of chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies

A

sense changes in PaO2 and PaCO2, pH and change the rate and depth of breathing

117
Q

where is the carotid body located

A

bifurcation of carotid arteries

118
Q

T/F carotid bodies are the only structures monitoring PaO2 in adults

A

T

119
Q

what are the biggest stimuli for the carotid bodies to trigger an AP and significant increases in ventilation

A

small drop in pH or increase in PaCO2

120
Q

what are the central chemoreceptors

A

located in the medulla (pons and ventricles) and respond to changes in CO2 by sensing the drop in pH

121
Q

T/F stimulation of pain receptors increases RR and depth

A

T

122
Q

large particles tend to deposit where in the respiratory tract

A

in the nasopharynx - impaction

123
Q

medium particles tend to deposit where in the respiratory tract

A

small airways - sedimentation

124
Q

small particles tend to deposit where in the respiratory tract

A

alveoli - diffusion

125
Q

what are the sources of mucous for the respiratory tract

A

goblet cells (in larger airways); submucosal bronchial glands (in the bronchi); Clara cells (in respiratory bronchioles)

126
Q

secretion of mucous in the respiratory tract is under what regulation

A

autonomic

127
Q

changes in the sol layer alter ________________ whereas changes in the gel layer alter _________________

A

ciliary function; clearance rates

128
Q

T/F the lungs can uptake/convert/degrade hormones/chemicals/toxins in the mixed venous blood

A

T

129
Q

macrophages, bradykinin, histamine, serotonin, PGE2, PGF2, heparin are all released by the pulmonary tissue/cells into

A

systemic blood

Veterinary Physiology (11 decks)

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