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Phys > Respiratory Phys > Flashcards

Respiratory Phys Flashcards

1
Q

Olfactory epithelium

A

sense of smell

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2
Q

lines nasal cavity

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar with
goblet cells

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3
Q

nasal cavity

A

– warms air due to high vascularity
– mucous moistens air & traps dust
– cilia move mucous towards pharynx

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4
Q

Nasopharynx

A

From choanae to soft palate

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5
Q

Nasopharynx

A

– openings of auditory (Eustachian) tubes from middle ear
cavity

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6
Q

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

A

Passageway for air only

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7
Q

Oropharynx

A

From soft palate to epiglottis

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8
Q

Oropharynx

A

fauces is opening from mouth into oropharynx
– palatine tonsils found in side walls, lingual tonsil in tongue

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9
Q

Oropharynx

A

Common passageway for food & air
– stratified squamous epithelium

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10
Q

Oropharynx cells

A

– stratified squamous epithelium

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11
Q

Laryngopharynx

A
  • Extends from epiglottis to cricoid cartilage
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12
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

– stratified squamous epithelium

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13
Q
  • Thyroid cartilage
A

forms Adam’s apple

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14
Q
  • Epiglottis
A

– Closes off larynx during swallowing

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15
Q
  • Cricoid cartilage
A

– ring of cartilage attached to top of trachea

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16
Q
  • Pair of arytenoid cartilages
A

sit upon cricoid cartilage

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17
Q

Functions of the Larynx

A
  • Protection of lungs
    from aspiration
  • Site of voice
    production
  • Forms entrance to
    lungs
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18
Q

Trachea (Windpipe)

A

splits into left and right
bronchi

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19
Q
  • Primary bronchi
A

supply each lung

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20
Q

Secondary bronchi supply

A

each lobe of the lungs

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21
Q

lung lobes

A

3 right + 2
left

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22
Q
  • Tertiary bronchi
A

supply each bronchopulmonary segment

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23
Q

form a bronchial tree

A
  • Repeated branchings called bronchioles
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24
Q

Oblique & horizontal fissure in right lung results in

A

3
lobes

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25
Q
  • Oblique fissure only in left lung
A

produces 2 lobes

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26
Q

Respiratory Bronchioles

A
  • Level at which gas exchange begins in the lung
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27
Q

Alveoli

A

– Alveoli is where most gas exchange occurs

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28
Q

Cells Types of the Alveoli

A
  • Type I alveolar cells
    – simple squamous cells where gas exchange occurs
  • Type II alveolar cells (septal cells)
    – free surface has microvilli
    – secrete alveolar fluid containing surfactant
  • Alveolar dust cells
    – wandering macrophages remove debris
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29
Q

– simple squamous cells where gas exchange

A
  • Type I alveolar cells
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30
Q

– free surface has microvilli
– secrete alveolar fluid containing surfactant

A
  • Type II alveolar cells (septal cells)
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31
Q

– wandering macrophages remove debris

A
  • Alveolar dust cells
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32
Q

Alveolar-Capillary Membrane

A

*4 Layers of membrane to cross

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33
Q

4 Layers of alveolar membrane

A

– alveolar epithelial wall of type I cells
– alveolar epithelial basement membrane
– capillary basement membrane
– endothelial cells of capillary

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34
Q

covers lungs

A

Visceral pleura

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35
Q

lines ribcage & covers upper surface of diaphragm

A

parietal pleura

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36
Q

Innervation of the Diaphragm

A

phrenic nerves – left
and right

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37
Q

phrenic nerves – left
and right

A

Arise from ventral
branches of spinal
nerves from levels C3
to C5

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38
Q

– The movement of
air into and out
of the lungs

A
  • Ventilation
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39
Q

Contraction of the diaphragm

A

flattens the dome and
increases the vertical dimension of the chest

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40
Q

Quiet Inspiration

A

Diaphragm moves 1 cm & ribs lifted by external
intercostals

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41
Q

Passive process with no muscle action

A

Quiet Inspiration

42
Q

Active expiration

A

– abdominal mm force
diaphragm up
– internal intercostals
depress ribs

43
Q

Forced inspiration

A

– sternocleidomastoid,
scalenes & pectoralis
minor lift chest
upwards as you gasp
for air

44
Q

Detergent-like substance

A

surfactant produced by Type II alveolar
cells

45
Q

surfactant produced by Type II alveolar
cells

A

– lowers alveolar surface tension

46
Q

Airway Resistance

A

depends upon airway
size

47
Q

– The smaller the caliber of the airway the greater
the resistance to air flow
– Most resistance found in the smaller airways
* bronchioles
– Calibre of these airways depends on smooth
muscle tone and amount of secretions in the
airways

A

Airway Resistance

48
Q

Compliance of the Lungs

A

Ease with which lungs & chest wall expand
depends upon elasticity of lungs & surface
tension

49
Q

The greater the compliance

A

the greater the ease
with which the lungs expand

50
Q

Tidal volume =

A

amount air moved during quiet breathing

51
Q

MVR=

A

minute ventilation is amount of air moved in a minute

52
Q

Reserve volumes

A
  • amount you can breathe either in or out
    above that amount of tidal volume
53
Q

Residual volume =

A

1200 mL permanently trapped air in system

54
Q

Vital capacity & total lung capacity

A

sums of the other volumes

55
Q

External Respiration

A

is the exchange of gases
between the alveoli and the blood

56
Q

Internal Respiration

A

is the exchange of gases
between the blood and the tissues

57
Q

Gradients and
Dalton’s Law

A

Each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own
pressure

58
Q
  • Total pressure is sum of all partial pressures
A

Gradients and
Dalton’s Law

59
Q

External Respiration

A

Gases diffuse from areas of high partial pressure to
areas of low partial pressure

60
Q

Exchange of gas between air & blood

A

External Respiration

61
Q

Deoxygenated blood becomes saturated with oxygen
and CO2 is removed

A

External Respiration

62
Q

As acidity
increases,

A

O2
affinity for Hb
decreases
– Bohr effect

63
Q

H+ binds to
hemoglobin

A

alters it’s shape

64
Q

O2 left behind
in active tissues

A

Acidity & Oxygen Affinity for Hb

65
Q

Carbon Dioxide Transport

A

3 ways

66
Q

CO2 is carried by the blood (3 ways)

A

– dissolved in plasma 7%
– combined with the globin part of Hb molecule forming
carbaminohemoglobin 23%
– as part of bicarbonate ion 70%

67
Q

Internal Respiration

A

Exchange of gases between blood & tissues

68
Q

Conversion of oxygenated blood into
deoxygenated
– diffusion of O2 inward (blood to tissues)
– diffusion of CO2 outward (tissues to blood)

A

Internal Respiration

69
Q

Respiratory
muscles controlled
by neurons in

A

pons
& medulla

70
Q

Central chemoreceptors in medulla

A

– respond to changes in H+ or pCO2 in cerebrospinal fluid

71
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors

A

– respond to changes in H+ , pO2 or PCO2

72
Q

Negative Feedback Regulation of Breathing

A

Increase in arterial pCO2

73
Q

Surface tension of the alveoli is reduced by the secretion of:

A

surfactant

74
Q

Which alveolar cells produce surfactant?

A

type II alveolar cells

75
Q

residual volume

A

The amount of air that remains in the lungs at the end of full expiration.

76
Q

Boyles law

A

as the volume of the container increases the pressure within the container decreases

77
Q

During external respiration, gases are exchanged between the:

A

alveoli and the blood

78
Q

The process of moving air into and out of the lungs is referred to as:

A

ventilation

79
Q

The pleura is:

A

the serous membrane surrounding the lungs

80
Q

Which combination of muscles is involved in active expiration?

A

internal intercostals and abdominals

81
Q

During internal respiration:

A

oxygen diffuses from the blood into the tissues

82
Q

Hemoglobin will have increased affinity for oxygen when:

A

the temperature is decreased

83
Q

The amount of air moved during quiet breathing is which of the following?

A

tidal volume

84
Q

Most oxygen is transported in the blood by:

A

hemoglobin in red blood cells

85
Q

The internal nose is lined by an epithelium that is designed to warm and humidify air as well as trap dust. The type of epithelium lining the internal nose is:

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

86
Q

unctions of the nose except:

A

warming of inspired air

filtering of inspired air

collection point for mucous

87
Q

A Type 1 alveolar cell is a:

A

simple squamous epithelial cells

88
Q

Which muscle of quiet inspiration functions to increase thoracic volume by increasing the vertical dimensions of the thoracic cavity?

A

diaphragm

89
Q

The function of the epiglottis is to

A

close off the larynx during swallowing

90
Q

The exchange of gases between the alveoli and the blood occurs over:

A

2 basement membranes and 2 simple squamous epithelium

91
Q

The trachea divides into:

A

left and right bronchi

92
Q

The two areas of the brain that contain respiration centers are the:

A

medulla and pons

93
Q

Most carbon dioxide is transported in blood by:

A

conversion to bicarbonate ion

94
Q

Each lung can be divided into segments supplied by secondary bronchi called:

A

Lobes

95
Q

Gas exchange in the lung begins at the level of the:

A

respiratory bronchioles

96
Q

Which portion of the pharynx receives the openings from the auditory (Eustachian) tubes?

A

nasopharynx

97
Q

Airway resistance is affected primarily by the:

A

diameter of the bronchioles

98
Q

All gases in a mixture of air exert a pressure that is proportional to the content of each gas. The pressure a single gas exerts is referred to as:

A

partial pressure

99
Q

Compliance is affected primarily by the amount of elastic tissue in the lungs and the:

A

amount of surfactant

100
Q

An increase in which chemical in the bloodstream will cause increased inhalation?

A

CO2

101
Q

Which spinal levels contribute to the phrenic nerve?

A

C3-C5

102
Q

The phrenic nerve is responsible for innervating the:

A

diaphragm

Phys (8 decks)

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