Bone and Articulatory system Flashcards
Joint with limited mobilite
Ampharthrosis
Freely movable joint
Diarthrosis
Immobile/strong joint
Synarthrosis
Only has fibrous connective tissue connecting the bones
Suture joint
Joined by fibro caritlage and has little movement
Symphis
Fibro cartilage disc that extends into the cavity
Meniscus
Structure of a unit of compact bone/rings of calcified matrix called lamelae and a central, osteonic canal(haversian canal)
Osteon
Contains blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels
Haversian Canal
Tiny channels within the bone matrix. Connects osteocytes with the central canal of osteons
Canaliculi
Lattice like network of matrix spike. Allows spongy bone to be strong but light.
Trabeculae
Hemopoiesis cells found in some spongy bone and provides trabeculae with nutrients and waste removal
Red Marrow
Stores fat (high energy) adipocytes in the diaphysis.
Yellow marrow
-Decrease in protien synthesis
-Demineraliation
-elderly dues to less collagen relatice to the amount of mineral salts
Bone Loss
-Longitudinal bone growth
-Growth plate
Epiphyseal plate
Hayline cartilage acts as a template for bone growth, bone replaces heyline cartilage at the growth plate where ossification occurs
endochondrial ossification
Narrow area along the epiphyseal plate where epiphysis meets diaphysis
Metaphysis
Tubular shaft b/w prox and distal ends
Diaphysis
hollow in the diaphysis filled with yellow marrow
Medullary cavity
In the medullary cavity, this is the membranous lining where bone growth/repair/and remodeling occure
Endosteum
(Ostioblasts)
Fiberous membrane on the outer bone with blood nerve and lymph supply
Periosteum
Periosteum has _______layers?
2
Dense irregulare C.T.
Outer periosteum
Osteogenic layer with osteoprogenitor cells
inner periostium
Epicondyles/smongy bone/with red marrow and no osteons
Epiphysis
Epiphysis
Does not require haversian canal because the trebeculae are surrounded by blood.
This peirces the diaphysis of a long bone though the nutrient foamen (small opening)
Nutrient artery
Supplies the medullary cavity
Nutrient artery
Injury/excersise/activities all cause
bone remodeling
Hormones that cause bone remodeling
parathyriod - osteoclasts
1st step in bone remodeling
fracture hema toma
6-8 hours after blood clots
Hormone secreted into the blood due to mechanical stress
Calcitonin
Hormone released by the thyroid to inhibit osteoclasts
calcitonin
hormone that decreases reabsorption of Ca2+ by the kidney
Cacitonin
Counter acts PTH to inhibit osteoclast activity and stimulates Ca2+ uptake by the bones and reduces blood Ca2+
Calcitonin
Blood calcium low
PTH released (parathyroid)
Blood calcium high
Calcitonin (thyroid)
Parathyroid releases PTH (Osteoclasts=proliferation and activity) when
Ca2+ is not binding to receptors
When blood calcium gets too high
Thyroid releases Calcitonin
Controls bone growth by triggering chondrycyte proliferation in epiphyseal plates
Hgh (pituitary gland)
epiphyseal plate increases in length (Hgh) until
the plate closes
Hormones responsible for growth spurts durring adolescence
estrogen/testosterone
Promotes conversion of epiphyseal plate to epiphseal line ending longitudinal growth
Estrogen/testosterone
Promotes osteoblastic activity and production of bone matrix
Estrogen/Testosterone
These cells turn into osteocytes and synthesize bone matrix
Osteoblasts
These cells are located in growing bone - periosteum and endosteum
Osteoblasts
these cells maintain bone tissue structure and secrete enzymes that maintain mineralization
Osteocytes
Mature bone cells
Osteocytes
these cells produce enzymes that break down bone matrix and are located on the bone surface
osteoclasts
these cells are multinucleated and arise from monocytes and macrophages
Osteoclasts
these cells are undifferentiated with high mitotic activity
Osteogenic Cell
Ground substance -calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate combine
Hydroxyapatite
The main constituent of the ground substance of bones, giving them their hardness and strength
Hydroxyapatite
These fibers are considered flexible and provide tensile strength
colagen fibers
when bones are united with fiberous CT
Fibous joint
When bones are joined by Hayalline cartilage or fibrocartilgae
Cartilaginous joint
Articulating surfaces directly connected, and join in a cavity
Synovial joint
Parallell bones joined by fiberous CT, gap may be narrow. Gap is filled by C.T. called interosseous membrane
Fibrous Synesmosis
Specialized joint that anchors the root of a tooth to its bony socket within the maxillary bone or mandible.
Gomphosis
Cartilaginous joint unighted by hyaline cartilage
Synchondrosis - ex. the hyaline cartilage of the epiphseal plate.
Cartilaginous joint unighted by fibrocartilage
Symphysis
Fluid filled diarthrotic joint
synovial
Fibrous C.T. structure of a synovial joint
articular capsule
A think layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the entire articulating surface of each bone - reducing friction
Articular cartilage
lines the inner surface of the joint capsule and the cells with in secrete fluid
synovial membrane
Thick/slimy fluid that reduces joint friction and provides nourishment to articular cartilage
synovial fluid
Fibrocartilage disk/shock absorber/stabilizer/lubricant
Meniscus
Elastic ans collagen and protoglycans - ridgid and elastic like the external ear
elastic cartilage
This cartilage is the most common, is short and dipersed and has a large amount of proteoglycans and the surface is smooth, strong and flexible.
Hayline cartilage
this form of cartilage is the toughest and is made up of thick bundles of collegan dispersed through matrix.
Firbrocartilage.- ex. menisci or intervertebral disks
