Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

VETM 443 Pharmacology > Respiratory Pharmacology > Flashcards

Respiratory Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

List the structures of the upper and lower respiratory system:

A

Upper resp
- everything above the larynx

Lower resp
- conducting system (trachea/bronchi) - mucociliary apparatus
- transitional system (bronchioles) - smooth muscle walls that can constrict and dialate
- exchange system (alveoli) -pneumocytes and capillary network

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

List 5 categories of respiratory disease

A

allergy/inflammation

pulmonary edema

exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage

cough

pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the therapeutic goals of treating allergy or inflammatory respiratory disease? What treatments are used to reach these goals?

A

Goals
- reduce inflammation
- increase mucociliary clearance
- increase gas exchange

How
- steroid/cromolyn sodium
- expectorant/mucolytic
- bronchodilators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the therapeutic goals of treating coughing in respiratory disease? What treatments are used to reach these goals?

A

Goals
- reduce cough
- reduce inflammation

How
- anti-tussive
- steroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the therapeutic goals of treating pulmonary edema in respiratory disease? What treatments are used to reach these goals?

A

Goals
- reduce fluid
- increase gas exchange
- reduce mucus

How
- expectorant/mucolytic
- diuretic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the therapeutic goals of treating exercise induce pulmonary hemorrhage respiratory disease? What treatments are used to reach these goals?

A

Goals
- reduce trans-capillary pressure

How
- diuretic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the therapeutic goals of treating pneumonia in respiratory disease? What treatments are used to reach these goals?

A

Goal
- reduce infection
- reduce inflammation
- increase gas exchange

How
- antimicrobials
- steroid/NSAID
- expectorant/mucolytic
- bronchodilator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are 2 mechanisms that can cause pulmonary edema in horses?

A

cardiogenic

secondary to equine anesthesia
- nares become obstructed (flaccid) and cause increased negative pressure and edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How is the cough reflex stimulated

A

stimuli from upper and/or lower respiratory tract via chemo and/or mechanoreceptors

signal the cough center in the medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 3 phases of the cough reflex

A
  1. inspiratory
  2. contraction (diaphragm muscles/intercostal muscles/abdominal muscles)
  3. expiratory (open glottis - causes sound)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is fluticasone used for in relation to respiratory disease?

A

It is an inhaled steroid

To treat allergy or inflammatory respiratory disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does Pousielles law impact the action of bronchodilators

A

Pouiselles law
- 4x impact of radius on the resistance

this means that bronchodilator effect is very impactful in reducing resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the mechanism of action of bronchodilators

A

It functions by stimulating PSNS receptors in the bronchioles specifically M3 receptor with also beta 2 effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

List 3 types of bronchodilators commonly used

A

anticholinergics

methylxanthine

beta 2 agonists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the mechanism of action of methylxanthine

A

It stimulated relaxation of smooth muscle by adenosine and phosphodiesterase inhibition

Normally, adenylate cyclase makes cAMP and adenosine inhibits adenylate cyclase. So inhibition of adenosine will increase cAMP

Normally PDE breaks down cAMP. Inhibition of PDE results in increased cAMP

Both mechanisms increase cAMP
- cAMP results in less interaction between actin and myosin

This is because normally, MLCK allow actin and myosin binding. cAMP inhibits MLCK.

It has a narrow therapeutic window

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Provide examples of methylxanthine drugs

A

theophylline*

aminophylline/caffeine/theobromine (in chocolate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

List 2 common situations where antitussives are used in dogs

A

tracheal collapse or kennel cough

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

List a common situation in which antitussives are used in horses

A

BAL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

In what situation should you give an antitussive

A

If the cough is non productive (no swallowing after and tiring to the animal or owner

or diagnostics (BAL)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the safest antitussive used in cats

A

dextromethorphan ( poorly absorbed in dogs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the mechanism of action for dextromethorphan

A

It is an NMDA receptor antagonist
- in the CNS these receptors these are part of the pain pathway = may have some analgesic effect/improve effects of other drugs

It is an alpha 1 agonist impacting glutamate signalling in the cough center in the medulla
- reduces sensitivity to inputs

It is an opioid derivative but it doesn’t bind opioid receptors

22
Q

What are the 3 main functions of expectorants

A

increase bronchial secretions

increase mucociliary clearance

increase productive cough

23
Q

List 2 examples of expectorants

A

volatile oils

saline

24
Q

What is the function of mucolytics

A

break down mucus

25
Q

List 3 main mucolytics

A

acetlycysteine
dembrexine
guaifenesin

26
Q

What 3 drugs reduce respiratory function

A

anesthetics
opioids
benzodiazpines

27
Q

What 3 drugs increase respiratory function

A

Any CNS stimulant

doxaprom*
almitrine
caffeine

28
Q

What situation would caffeine be utilized as a respiratory stimulant

A

dummy foal situation

hypercapnia associated with
- hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy
- neonatal encephalopathy

29
Q

What is butorphanol used for primarily in the context of respiratory impacts

A

To reduce cough in horses for BAL

30
Q

What is another name for acetylcysteine and what is the mechanism of action

A

Mucomyst

It breaks the disulfide bonds in the mucoproteins because of its free sulfydryl groups

31
Q

What are 2 potential adverse effects of acetylcysteine

A

hypersensitivity reaction or bronchoconstriction after inhalation

32
Q

What are some common uses of acetylcysteine

A

Infused into guttoral pouches to break up chondroids

Given as enema to foals to break up meconium impaction

break down respiratory mucus and enhance clearance

Used IV to support the liver during acetaminophen or xylitol toxicity

33
Q

How is acetylcysteine administered

A

Either via nebulizer (inhale) or IV (to tx toxicity) or enema or infuse guttoral pouch

34
Q

What is another name for dembrexine? What are its effects?

A

Sputolysin - a phenolic benzylamine

some antitussive effects
reduce tracheal mucus

no effect on inflammation

there is minimal research

35
Q

What is dembrexine used for commonly in large and small animals

A

horses:
- reduce mucus in RAO/IAD/pneumonia

dog
- otitis media (infuse into ear)

36
Q

How is dembrexine administered

A

PO

or infused into ear (dog)

37
Q

What is the mechanism of action for guaifenesin

A

It is a CNS muscle relaxant

PSNS impact
- vagal stimulation resulting in bronchial secretions
- irritation of gastric mucosa resulting in the gastropulmonary reflex (increases secretion of submucosal glands in airway/mucus hydration)

38
Q

What are the 2 main impacts of guaifenesin

A

increased mucociliary function

expectorant impacts

39
Q

What species can guaifenesin be used in

A

horse
cat
dog
human

40
Q

What is triple drip

A

guaifenesin + ketamine + xylazine

IV field anesthetic

41
Q

List 3 anticholinergic drugs that can be used as bronchodilators

A

atropine
glycopyrrolate
hyoscine butylbromide (buscopan)

42
Q

List 3 beta 2 agonists used as bronchodilators

A

albuterol
salbutamol
clenbuterol

43
Q

What is the function of salbutamol and albuterol

A

short acting bronchodilators
- used for asthmatic flare ups (not chronic use)

If used chronically it can become pro-inflammatory

44
Q

How is albuteral and salbutamol administered

A

inhaled

45
Q

Asthma is most common in which animal species

A

cats and horses

46
Q

What is another name for clenbuterol?

A

ventipulmin

47
Q

What is clenbuterol primarily used for

A

Treatment of equine asthma
Use for less than 30 days - max benefit is seen after 14d

Tachyphylaxis (reduced efficacy) and sometimes rebound hypersensitivity is seen if administration occurs >21d of continuous administration

48
Q

What is commonly combined with administration of clenbuterol (or even albuterol/salbutamol) to increase efficacy?

A

environmental change - reduce exposure to allergen

49
Q

What is the mechanism of action of doxapram

A

CNS stimulant

stimulated chemoreceptors in the carotid artery and aorta resulting in reflex stimulation

directly stimulate respiratory centers in brain

50
Q

What is the physiologic impact of doxapram administration

A

increased respiratory rate and volume

no impact on arterial PaO2 (potentially because the increased respiration results in increased O2 demands)

reduce arterial PaCO2

VETM 443 Pharmacology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions