Antimicrobial Review Flashcards
Give 2 examples of gram + aerobes
staph
strep
Give examples of gram - aerobes
GI:
- e. coli
- salmonella
- klebsiella
Resp
- mannheimia
- histophils
- pasturella
- bordatells
pseudomonal
(mycoplasma - no cell wall but killed by similar abx)
Give 1 example of gram + anaerobe
clostridia
Give 2 examples of gram - anaerobe
fusobacterium
bacteroides
Where does staph typically cause infection?
skin
mastitis
ear
What abx is not as effective against staph and why?
beta lactams because staph makes beta lactamase
Where does strep typically cause infection? In what species is most common?
mastitis
resp
horses
Give 4 examples of antibiotics against most gram - aerobes
macrolide
tetracycline
fluoroquinolone
chloramphenicol (not production animals)
What abx are effective against pseudomonas
aminoglycosides
fluoroquiniolones
What disease is fusobacterium related to
foot rot
What type of antibiotic is not effective against bacteroides
beta lactams
make beta lactamase
List 2 types of beta lactams
penicillins
cephalosporins
List 4 types of penicillins
natural
aaminopencillins
potentiatees aminopenicillins
carbapenems
What is the main type of natural penicillins? What is it effective against?
penicillin G
strep
some gram - but not great
anaerobe
Give 2 examples of aminopenicillins. What is it effective against?
ampicillin (parenteral)
amoxicillin (PO)
strep
more gram - than natural penicillins
anaerobe
What is the main type of potentiated aminopenicillins? What is it effective against?
clavamox
strep
staph
gram -
anaerobe
What is the main type of carbapenams? What is it effective against?
imipenems
all categories effective aganist - big gun
List 2 main categories of cephalosporins
1st gen
3rd gen
What are 2 examples of 1st generation cephalosporins. What is it effective against?
cephalexin
cefazolin
staph/strep
What are 2 examples of 3rd generation cephalosporins. What is it effective against?
ceftiofur
cefovecin
staph/strep
gram - aerobe
What is the main type of sulfonamide used
potentiated sulfonamides
What are 1 example of potentiated sulfonamide. What is it effective against?
trimethoprim sulfa (PO or injectable)
strep
staph (less good)
respiratory gram -
Give 2 examples of tetracyclines
oxytetracycline
doxycycline
What category drug are tetracyclines
category 3
What are tetracyclines effective against
strep
staph
gram - (respiratory better than GI)
all anaerobes
good for intracellular pathogens
Give 1 example of lincosamides
clindamycin
What is clindamycin effective against
strep
staph
anaerobe
good bone and prostate and abcess penetration
not gram -
Give 2 examples of macrolides
tulathromycin
tilmicosin
What are macrolides effective against
some gram +
respiratory gram -
anaerobe
accumulate in resp tissues = higher Vd
persist for a long time
What is one example of fluoroquinolones
enrofloxacin
What is a main consideration of tilmicosin
danger!
What is enrofloxacin effective against
gram -
pseudomonas
What are aminoglycosides effective against
gram - aerobes
not anaerobes
Give 4 examples of aminoglycosides
gentimycin
amkacin
tobramycin
neomycin
What is gentimycin effective against
staph
gram - aerobe
parenteral
What is amikacin effective against
staph
strep
gram - aerobe
parenteal
What is tobramycin effective against
gram +
gram - aerobe
topical
What are features of aminoglycosides that are important to consider
poor penetration through body barriers
do not give systematically to production animals because of long withdrawal
- bind renal tubules and persist
What are 2 main adverse effects of aminoglycosides
nephrotoxic
ototoxic
What is the main nitroimidazole
metronidazole
What is metronidazole effective against
anaerobe
protozoa
What are the 2 main phenicols
chloramphenicol
florfenicol
What is chloramphenicol effective against
strep
staph
grram -
anaerobe
not pseudomonas
What is a main consideration when using chloramphenicols
risk of non-dose dependent aplastic anemia
What is florfenicol effective against
respiratory gram -
gram - anaerobes (foot rot)
