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Cell Pathology II > Respiratory Pathology > Flashcards

Respiratory Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

How many lobes are in the right lung and left lung?

A

3 lobes in the right lung, 2 lobes in the left lung

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2
Q

Dark macrophages inside the bronchiole are indicative of?

A

Tar filled macrophages

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3
Q

What is the surface area of the respiratory tract?

A

500 sq/m

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4
Q

Bronchitis is usually caused by viruses such as?

A

RSV - respiratory syncytial virus

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5
Q

Pneumonia is a form of which inflammation?

A

Alveolar inflammation leads to a large recruitment of neutrophils, lymphocytes and T cells.

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6
Q

Pneumonia is usually where in the airways with the formation of what?

A

Distal airways and alveoli with formation of inflammatory exudate

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7
Q

Pneumonia can be either colonisation of the bronchi or of the whole lobe, true or false?

A

True

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8
Q

Bronchopneumonia is seen more often in which type of patients and is caused by which three types of virus/bacteria usually?

A

Affects the elderly, already sick, and infants.
Staph, Strep, H. Influenzae, Sars-CoV2

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9
Q

Lobar pneumonia affects which type of patient cohort and is caused by which type of bacteria?

A

Healthy adults between 20-50 years, Streptococcus Pneumoniae

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10
Q

SARS-Cov2 invades respiratory epithelium through which receptor?

A

ACE2 receptor

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11
Q

Complications of SARS CoV2 are caused by what?

A

Cytokine storm

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12
Q

What is the leading cause of death from any infectious agent?

A

M. tuberculosis

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13
Q

What is the morphology evident in TB?

A

Granulomatous inflammation and caseation, pulmonary lesions of about 10mm in diameter.

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14
Q

What is secondary TB?

A

This is where the infection lies dormant for many years.

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15
Q

What is miliary TB?

A

This is where TB spreads systematically

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16
Q

What is a yellow mass of caseous necrosis called in the case of TB?

A

Ghon complex

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17
Q

If an enlarged caseous node drains into a pulmonary vein there is?

A

Systemic dissemination of organisms

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18
Q

If drainage is into a pulmonary artery, military, what type of dissemination occurs in the lung?

A

Miliary dissemination

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19
Q

Tuberculous granuloma tissue is evident as what on the lungs, caused by bloodstream spread?

A

Numerous tiny yellow-white dots

20
Q

Is obstructive airway disease reversible?

A

It is either reversible or irreversible as abnormalities in the small bronchi or bronchioles can limit airflow

21
Q

COPD is a combination of which two disorders?

A

Emphysema and chronic bronchitits

22
Q

What type of clinical manifestations are seen in COPD?

A

Mild chronic inflammation throughout the airways, parenchyma, pulmonary vasculature.
Macrophages, CD8+ T lymphocytes, neutrophils are increased in various parts of the lungs.

23
Q

What type of T lymphocytes are seen in COPD?

A

CD 8+ T lymphocytes

24
Q

What is chronic bronchitis defined as?

A

A productive cough on most days for at least 3 months/a year for at least 2 successive years.

25
Q

What is seen histologically in chronic bronchitis?

A

An infiltration of inflammatory cells in the submucosal region of the bronchioles

26
Q

What is emphysema characterised by?

A

It is a condition of the lung by which an abnormal permanent enlargement of the airspace distal to the terminal bronchiole, accompanied by destruction of their walls and without obvious fibrosis.

27
Q

What are the 3 main clinical manifestations evident with emphysema?

A

Dyspnea
Cough/wheezing
purulent cough

28
Q

What is COPD caused by at the cellular level?

A

It is caused by an imbalance between proteases released from neutrophils and macrophages and antiproteases leading to alveolar wall destruction (emphysema). The proteases also cause the release of mucous.

29
Q

What is asthma?

A

It is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that causes recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and cough, particularly at night and/or in the early morning.

30
Q

What are the two classifications of asthma?

A

Extrinsic or intrinsic

31
Q

Extrinsic asthma is usually caused by which type of hypersensitivity?

A

Type 1 hypersensitivity –> IgE mediated
- childhood
- family history of allergy or associated allergies
- dust, pollen, food

32
Q

Intrinsic asthma is usually caused by which type of hypersensitivity?

A

Non-immune mechanisms
- adults
- no family history associated
- respiratory tract infection - viruses

33
Q

Extrinsic asthma is a IgE mediated hypersensitivity reaction and is usually caused by the acute inflammatory phase of ?

A

IgE coated mast cells release of inflammatory mediators causing bronchospasm, oedema, mucous secretion and leucocyte recruitment

34
Q

Describe the late-phase reaction of extrinsic asthma.

A

Mediated by the recruitment of leukocytes; lymphocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils –> causes bronchospasm, inflammation and bronchial damage

35
Q

The degranulation of mast cells, seen in allergic asthma causes the release of which types of chemical mediators?

A

histamine
SRS-A
ECF-A
PAF

36
Q

Bronchial asthma causes which 5 changes to the mucus membrane, BM and muscle?

A
  • accumulation of mucus
  • smooth muscle hypertrophy
  • increase in goblet cells
  • thickening of the BM
  • chronic inflammation
37
Q

What types of lymphocytes are seen in bronchial asthma/extrinsic asthma?

A

CD4+ and TH2

38
Q

90% of lung tumours are?

A

Carcinomas - arising from epithelial cells

39
Q

What are the 3 types of lung tumour?

A
  • squamous cell carcinoma
  • adenocarcinoma
  • small cell carcinoma/oat cell carcinoma
40
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common cancer of the?

A

Bronchus

41
Q

What is the main cause of squamous cell carcinoma?

A

Cigarette smoke

42
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung demonstrates a lot of which?

A

Keratin production

43
Q

What is the most common type of lung cancer in women and non-smokers?

A

Adenocarcinoma

44
Q

What is the most aggressive of lung carcinomas?

A

Small cell carcinoma - occurs in the major bronchi and the lung periphery.
Metastasize is widely and virtually incurable by surgical means—a strong relationship to cigarette smoking.

45
Q

What type of differentiation is seen with small cell carcinoma of the lung?

A

Neuroendocrine differentiation.

Cell Pathology II (6 decks)

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