Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Cell Pathology II > Renal Pathology > Flashcards

Renal Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three main types of microscopy/technical methods used histopathologically?

A
  • Light microscopy
  • Immunofluorescence microscopy/IHC
  • Electron microscopy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What type of capillaries are evident in renal pathology?

A

Fenestrated capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the three difference cells of the glomerulus?

A

Visceral epithelial cell/podocyte
endothelial cell
Mesangial cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the three components of the kidney which can be affected by kidney disease?

A
  • glomeruli
  • tubules
  • interstitium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the two types of renal biopsies?

A

Native biopsy - taken for the investigation of chronic or systemic disease
Transplant biopsy - to investigate graft dysfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 3 stages of the dissection of the tissue?

A

LM
EM
IF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the primary step for LM?

A

Fix the portion in 10% buffered formalin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the primary step for electron microscopy?

A

EM in 2.5% glutaraldehyde

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the primary step for IF?

A

Snap freeze the portion in liquid nitrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does fixing in formaldehyde do to the antigenic sites of the tissues?

A

Formaldehyde fixing gives good fixation but alters the antigenic sites in tissue.
Followed by paraffin processing, dehydration through graded alcohols, clearing with xylene and infiltration/embedding in paraffin wax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The PAS stain highlights which areas of the glomerulus?

A

The focal areas of sclerosis?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which stain is used to highlight the presence of amyloid protein in the renal biopsy?

A

Congo Red
Apple Green Biofringence when under polarized light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What stain could be used for the demonstration of connective tissue?

A

Masson Trichrome Stain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Histologically what is the difference between the proximal and convoluted tubules?

A

Proximal have a brush border while distal tubules have no brush border.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What type of casts can be seen in the tubule ?

A

casts - red cells, light chains (myeloma casts), protein casts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the main disadvantage to DIF?

A

Low sensitivity due to the lack of signal amplification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the main conjugation for DIF used?

A

Fluorescein conjugated antibody

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the specimen requirements for IF?

A
  • tissue snap frozen in N2
  • 4 micron unfixed sections cut on cryostat
  • multiwell slides
    FITC conjugated panel of primary antibodies, applied for 30min
    slides washed after incubation, cover-slipped and examined under fluorescent microscope
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the main types of antisera used in DIF?

A
  • IgA, IgM, IgG
  • C1q, C3
  • Kappa and Lambda light chains
  • fibrinogen
    0 - 4+
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is used for the primary and secondary fixation in electron microscopy?

A

1st - glutaraldehyde
2nd - osmium tetroxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the initial staining in EM for semi-thin sections?

A

Toluidine blue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the initial staining in EM for ultra-thin sections?

A

Uranyl acetate and lead citrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

EM in renal pathology can be useful in renal pathology as it?

A
  • confirms presence/location of immune complexes (electron dense)
  • defines the degree of injury to the glomerular cell, BM and GBM
  • detects protein fibrils such as amyloid
  • provides ultrastructure information (podocyte effacement and flattening etxc)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are two reasons for early renal insufficiency?

A
  1. Injection
  2. Rejection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the two reasons for late onset renal insufficiency?
1. Transplant glomerulopathy 2. Recurrence of original disease
26
What is Banff?
The international classification of Renal Allograft Rejection
27
What are reasons for renal rejection?
- antibody/humoral mediated rejection - cellular rejection - polyoma virus, CMV infection - chronic glomerulopathy - de-novo and recurrent renal disease
28
Positive incidence of which antibody in the tubular capillaries is indicative of humoral rejection?
Positive C4d staining IF
29
Acute kidney injury is caused by and what is the clinical definition attached to this morphological characteristic?
Damage to the tubular epithelium and an acute decline in renal function with casts and tubular epithelial cells observed in the urine. Evident via dipstick analysis.
30
What are the four main causes of acute kidney injury?
- tubular necrosis (leading cause) - glomerular disease - vascular disease - acute drug induced allergic interstitial nephritis
31
Chronic renal failure is indicated by what?
A build up of fluid and waste products in the body including increased of serum creatinine and urea in the urine. Eventually leading to ESKD
32
What are the 4 causes of chronic renal failure?
- hypertension - vascular disease - glomerular disease - tubular and interstitial disease
33
Is chronic renal failure reversible?
No it is generally irreversible
34
What is glomerulonephritis?
This is a glomerular injury, caused by a group of underlying diseases generally characterized by inflammatory changes in the glomerulus.
35
Primary renal glomerular disease is limited to where?
It is a renal limited injury
36
Secondary renal disease is limited to where?
It is systemic disease which involves the kidney
37
What are the four characteristics of nephrotic syndrome?
- proteinuria >3.5g/24hr - oedema - hyperlipidaemia - hyperlipiduria
38
What are the four primary disorders of nephrotic syndrome?
- minimal change - FSGS - Membranous - MPGN
39
What are the three secondary disorders of nephrotic syndrome?
- diabetes - amyloidosis/light chain deposition disease
40
What is the morphological evidence of Minimal Change (primary) nephrotic syndrome?
effacement of foot processes
41
In membranous glomerulopathy (primary), what is visible under light microscopy?
- normal cellular population in glomerulus - thickened GBM - spikes and rings seen on Jones Silver Stain
42
Membranous GN is caused by the GBM becoming stuffed with?
Immune complexes
43
What are the clinical features of diabetic nephropathy? (secondary)
- ten years of diabetes mellitus - microalbuminuria (proteinuria) is an early clinical feature. - hypertension is common
44
What is evident under light microscopy with diabetic nephropathy?
- increase in mesangial matrix - sclerotic mesangial nodules 'wilson bodies'
45
What is evident under electron microscopy with diabetic nephropathy?
- podocytes; show effacement - thick glomerular basement membrane up to 1000nm in thickness
46
What is a normal thickness of the basement membrane in electron microscopy?
male 370+/- 50nm female 320 +/- 50nm
47
What is amyloidosis?
It is an accumulation of abnormally folded protein in the tissue.
48
AL Amyloid is associated with which disease? (light chain)
Multiple myeloma
49
What stain is used for highlighting amyloid deposits in the kidney?
Congo Red
50
AA amyloid is associated with which chronic inflammatory conditions? (serum amyloid A protein)
- Rheumatoid arthritis - TB infections
51
What are the 5 main clinical findings of nephritic syndrome?
- haematuria - proteinuria - increased serum creatinine - oliguria (low urine output) - hypertension
52
What are the three primary disorders of nephritic syndrome?
- crescentic (rapidly progressive GN) - IgA nephropathy - post infectious GN
52
What are the three primary disorders of nephritic syndrome?
- crescentic (rapidly progressive GN) - IgA nephropathy - post infectious GN
53
What are the three secondary disorders of nephritic syndrome?
- SLE - Vasculitis - HSP
54
What is the most common glomerular disease worldwide?
IgA nephropathy
55
What are the clinical features of IgA nephropathy?
- haematuria - proteinuria - HSP
56
What is IgA nephropathy caused by ?
Inadequate clearance of an abnormal IgA molecule from tissues
57
What is seen under light microscopy with IgA nephropathy?
- mesangial proliferation - immune deposits of IgA in the mesangial and paramesangial areas, electron dense deposits
58
What is prognosis of IgA nephropathy?
- slow progression to ESRD - HSP in children --> complete resolution
59
What is rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis characterized by?
nephritic syndrome which progresses rapidly to renal failure within weeks to months. Focal rupture of the capillary walls (LM and EM)
60
What are the three classifications of RPGN underlying causes?
- anti GBM antibody - immune complex disease - pauci-immune disease
61
If RPGN is due to pauci immune disease what is the ANCA result?
Positive
62
How are creasents formed?
By the proliferation of the epithelial cells of the bowman's capsule Migration of monocytes and macrophages into the glomerular space
63
How is PIGN visible under LM?
- hypercellular - leukocytes - proliferation of mesangial and endothelial cells - polymorphs (multi-lobed, dark-staining nuclei)
64
Post Infectious GN has evident deposition of which immune cells under IF?
C3 IgG 'starry night' pattern
65
What morphological feature is evident in Post infectious GN under EM?
Hump like deposits on the epithelial side of the GBM
66
What are the three main diseases of the tubules and interstitium?
1. pyelonephritis 2. tubular injury 3. drug induced interstitial nephritis

Cell Pathology II (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions