Cardiovascular Pathology Flashcards
What are the chambers of the heart separated by ?
A fibromuscular septum
What is the protective liquid which surrounds the heart muscle and tissue?
Pericardium
What are the three layers of the heart?
- epicardium (squamous)
- myocardium (muscle)
- endocardium (smooth thin layer of endothelial cells that line the chambers and valves)
What is an aneurysm?
It is a localized permanent dilation of an artery.
What are the two main types of aneurysms?
- atherosclerotic abdominal aortic aneurysm (impair flow to the lower limbs)
- brain aneurysm in the Circle of Willis in the brain (subarachnoid haemorrhage)
What are the four major initiating factors for aneurysms?
- atherosclerosis
- High BP
- head injury
- family history of heart conditions.
What can a ruptured aneurysm lead to ?
- bleeding, hypovolemic shock and death
Atherosclerosis can lead to?
Coronary artery disease
Describe the 4 steps of the atherosclerotic process?
- Damage
- Entry of LDLs
- LDLs taken up by macrophage
- Cytokines, fibrosis and collagen
What is atherosclerosis?
Deposits of fatty acids laid down in the artery wall, normally either the aorta or the coronary arteries (atheroma)
What are the 5 major risk factors of developing atherosclerosis?
- hypertension
- hypercholesterolemia
- smoking
- family history
- diabetes mellitus
What is an aneurysm?
It is an abnormal dilation of a blood vessel
Coronary artery disease can be caused by severe atheroma in these arteries due to limiting the blood supply to the heart, what are the clinical manifestations of the coronary artery disease?
- angina
- myocardial infarction
- cardiac death
- CAD with heart failure
What are the three diseases of the heart?
- heart failure
- myocardial infarction
- valvular heart disease
What are the two views of heart failure?
Right heart failure - heart cannot pump out what is coming in
Left heart failure - heart cannot pump out enough blood to meet the metabolic requirements