Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cell Pathology II > Breast Pathology > Flashcards

Breast Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is function of the breast?

A

The production and expression of milk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the two main structures of the breast?

A
  • lobules
  • ducts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What collagenous structure is visible between breast structures?

A

Collagenous stroma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When is the preferred time to examine breasts?

A

In the pre-menopausal first half of the cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Are mammograms more beneficial to younger or older females?

A

Older as the density of the breast is less fibrous and there is more adipose tissue. The lobules decrease in size leading to more radiolucent tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How small must a mass be to make it palpable?

A

> 2cm in size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What type of physical structures are visible on a mammogram?

A
  • densities
  • calcification
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What type of mass is visible from ultrasonography?

A

A solid cystic lesion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What type of techniques are used to harvest a biopsy from a question malignancy?

A

FNAB
Core Biopsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Developmental abnormalities can be at play resulting in which types of problems?

A
  • development failure
  • juvenile hypertrophy
  • milk line remnants
  • nipple inversion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

If a milk line remains what is it subject to?

A
  • hormonal response
    Ex: supernumerary nipples
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the three main types of inflammation seen with the breast?

A
  • infection
  • mammary duct ectasia
  • fat necrosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is mastitis?

A

Inflammation of the breast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is SMoLD?

A

Both women and men affected
Smokers (90%)
keratin plugs, block ducts leading to dilation and rupture.
Drainage, re-occurrence, surgical duct removal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

In what population is duct ectasia seen the most?

A
  • post-menopausal, parous women. Periareolar palpable mass.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are some symptoms of duct ectasia?

A
  • duct dilation
  • rupture
  • thick nipple discharge
  • fibrosis leads to nipple retraction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Fat necrosis is an inflammatory condition which occurs in the breast as a result of ?

A

Damaged adipose tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the three types of benign epithelial lesions of the breast?

A
  1. non-proliferating breast changes
  2. proliferative breast disease without atypia
  3. proliferative breast disease with atypia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is another way of saying non-proliferating breast changes?

A

Fibrocystic changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the 3 types of changes seen with fibrocystic changes?

A
  • cystic changes
  • fibrosis
  • adenosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is adenosis?

A

The increase in number of acini per lobule (normal in preg)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What type of cells line acini?

A

Columnar cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How do cysts change?

A

They form by dilation and unfolding of lobules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is atypia?

A

The departure from typical normal appearance to usually histological, either reactive or sometimes denoting pre-neoplastic changes such as dysplasia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What type of abnormalities are seen in proliferative breast disease without atypia?

A
  • epithelial hyperplasia
  • sclerosing adenosis
  • complex sclerosing lesion
  • papilloma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is seen structurally with epithelial hyperplasia?

A

Lumen filled with a mix of luminal and myoepithelial cells. No atypia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is seen structurally with sclerosing adenosis?

A

A doubling in the number of acini in terminal ducts. They may appear compressed and distorted by dense stroma.
Normal lobular arrangement
Palpable mass

28
Q

What are papillomas?

A

These are multiple branching fibrovascular cores with connective tissue axis lined with luminal and myoepithelial cells.

29
Q

If a papilloma grows within a dilated duct what is often seen?

A

Nipple discharge, can be bloody.

30
Q

What are the three components of a complex sclerosing lesion?

A
  • epithelial hyperplasia
  • sclerosing adenosis
  • papilloma
31
Q

What type of scar is a complex sclerosing lesion called?

A

Radial sclerosing lesion

32
Q

What are the two main types of proliferative breast disease with atypia?

A
  • atypical ductal hyperplasia
  • atypical lobular hyperplasia
33
Q

What is seen in ADH?

A

Duct filled with cells

34
Q

What is seen in ALH?

A

Population of cells partially fill lobule, some intracellular lumens

35
Q

Carcinoma of the breast is a heterogenous disease and is clustered into 3 main groups, what are these groups based on?

A

Oestrogen receptor
HER2 expression

36
Q

What is the most common disease factors in carcinoma of the breast, luminal?

A

ER pos
HER2 neg

37
Q

What components are present in HER2 carcinoma of the breast?

A

HER2 pos, ER pos or neg

38
Q

What components are present in the basal/triple negative carcinoma of the breast?

A

ER neg
HER2 neg
PR neg

39
Q

HER2 is a protein in which its overexpression results from the amplification of the chromosome 17Q region, is it an oncogene or a proto-oncogene?

A

It is a proto-oncogene

40
Q

How can HER2 protein be quantified?

A
  • FISH
  • HER2 probe and chromosome 17 centromeric probe
  • its overexpression is detected by immuno staining HER2 antibodies.
41
Q

Hereditary breast cancer is associated with which two genes?

A
  • BRCA1 gene (50% of cases)
  • BRCA2 gene (35% of cases, male breast also)
42
Q

Sporadic breast cancer is mainly due to?

A

Hormone exposure

43
Q

Is the basement membrane intact with carcinoma in situ?

A

Yes
DCIS
LCIS

44
Q

What are the two types of invasive carcinoma?

A
  • invasive carcinoma
  • no special type
45
Q

Treatment with DCIS includes?

A
  • irradiation, surgery and tamoxifen if ER+
46
Q

Paget disease of the nipple involves what physical manifestation?

A

Unilateral erythematous eruption with scale crust

47
Q

Is paget disease of the nipple rare?

A

Yes, 1-4% of cases

48
Q

What type of cells are involved in paget disease of the nipple?

A

Malignant cells extend from DCIS via lactiferous sinuses into nipple skin, without breaching the basement membrane

49
Q

DCIS is the malignant clonal proliferation of ?

A

The epithelial cells and is limited to the ducts and lobules by the basement membrane

50
Q

LCIS is the clonal proliferation of cells within what?

A

Ducts and lobules that grow in a discohesive fashion, usually due to acquired loss of e-cadherin.

51
Q

Which is detectable with mammography LCIS or DCIS?

A

DCIS

52
Q

What is seen histologically with LCIS?

A
  • loose clusters within lobules
  • mucin-positive signet ring cells common
  • ER+
  • HER2 -
  • E cadherin loss
53
Q

Invasive carcinoma often presents as a palpable mass and is not detected by mammographic, where does this metastases occur in 50% of cases?

A

Axillary lymph node metastases
- nipple retraction
- blocked lymphatics
- radio dense mass (mammography not effective)

54
Q

Invasive carcinoma, no special type is what kind of carcinoma?

A

Ductal carcinoma.
70-80% carcinomas

55
Q

Infiltrating lobular carcinomas account for how many carcinomas?

A

10%
Diffuse, dyscohesive infiltrating tumor cells

56
Q

What are some of the molecular classification techniques used to identify the cause of a malignancy?

A
  • chromosomal rearrangements
  • gene expression
  • immunohistochemistry
  • morphology
57
Q

What is the most common location of breast cancer?

A

50% occur in the upper outer quadrant

58
Q

What are the two two major prognostic factors of breast cancer?

A
  • lymph node status
  • tumour size
  • invasive or in situ
    distant mets
59
Q

What is the targeted treatment for an ER positive cancer?

A

tamoxifen

60
Q

What is the targeted treatment for a HER2 positive cancer?

A

Herceptin

61
Q

What is the most common benign tumour in young women?

A

Fibroadenoma
‘breast mouse’ - movable, spherical 10-30mm
mammographically dense

62
Q

Stromal tumors or phyllodes tumors are leaflike tumours and are uncommon, how do they present histologically?

A

Proliferating stroma covered by epithelium

63
Q

What is present in female breasts but not male?

A

Lobules

64
Q

What is the most common benign enlargement of male breast?

A

Gynaecomastia

65
Q

What are the 3 genes that come into play in the development of the male breast carcinoma?

A
  • BRCA1
  • BRCA2
  • 47XXY

Cell Pathology II (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions