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Pathology 1st aid > Respiratory Path > Flashcards

Respiratory Path Flashcards

1
Q

Virchow’s Triad

A

Stasis
Hypercoag
Endothelial Damage

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2
Q

Homan’s Sign

A

pain with dorsiflexion in calf –> DVT

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3
Q

Tx for DVT Acute and Chronic

A

Acute–Heparin

Chronic–Warfarin

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4
Q

Hypoxemia
Neurologic abnormalities
petechial rash

A

PE triad

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5
Q

Amniotic fluid emboli complication

A

DIC

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6
Q

Test of choice for PE

A

CT pulmonary angiography

spiral CT

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7
Q

Imaging for DVT

A

Ultrasound

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8
Q

Hallmark of Obstructive lung disease

A

Decreased FEV1/FVC ratio

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9
Q 
Reid Index > 50%
Hypertrophy of mucus glands in lung
productive cough for > 3 months in for 2 years
Cyanosis
Blue bloaters
A

chronic bronchitis

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10
Q 
Destruction of alveolar walls
Increased compliance
increased elastase activity
Pt. exhales through pursed lips
Pink Puffers
A

Emphysema

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11
Q

Centriacinar emphysema cause

A

Smoking

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12
Q

Panacinar Emphysema

A

A1AT Def.

begins in bronchioles

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13
Q 
Curshman's spirals
Charco-Leyden Crystals
reversible bronchoconstriction
Eosinophils in blood
cough, wheezing
Mucus plugging
A

Asthma

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14
Q

Curshmann’s Spirals

A

Shed epithelium forms a mucus plug. looks like a spiral

Asthma buzz

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15
Q

Charcot-Leyden crystals

A

breakdown of eosinophils in sputum (asthma)

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16
Q

Chronic nectrotizing infection of bronchi –> permanently dilated airways

A

Bronchiectasis

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17
Q

Bronchiectasis associated with

A

bronchial obst.
poor ciliary motility (smoking, kartagener’s)
CF
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis

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18
Q

Rx induced asthsma

A

aspirin

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19
Q

Restrictive Lung disease findings

A

Lower Volume
decreased FVC and TLC
FEV1/FVC increased

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20
Q

3 types of pneumoconioses

A

anthracosis
silicosis
asbestosis

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21
Q

Coal miner
Upper lung effected
Black Lung

A

anthracosis

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22
Q

Foundries, sandblasting, mines
Lung fibrosis
Upper lobes effected
Eggshell calcification of hilar lymph nodes

A

Silicosis

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23
Q

Silicosis increased risk

A

Bronchogenic CA

TB

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24
Q

Why is there an increased risk of TB with silicosis?

A

silica disrupts phagolysosomes and impairs macrophages

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25
Q

Ivory white calcified pleural plaques
Shipbuilding, roofing, plumbing
Lower lobes effected
Golden-brown fusiform rods

A

Asbstosis

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26
Q

Asbestos bodies

A

Golden-brown fusiform rods

Look like dumbells

27
Q

Asbestos exposure increased risk

A

Bronchogenic CA

Mesothelioma (less common than broncho but only really seen with asbestos)

28
Q

Premature Newborn

Decresaed surfactant –> increased surface tension in lungs

collaped alveolar

A

Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

29
Q

Test to check surfactant (lung maturity) in utero

A

lecithin:sphingomyelin ratio > 1.5

30
Q

Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome Tx

A

maternal steroids

artificial surfactant to infant

31
Q

Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD)
Intraalveolar hyaline membrane

Precipitating factor like trauma, pancreatitis, sepsis, etc.

A

ARDS

32
Q

what causes the damage initially in ARDS?

A

release of neutropilic substances toxic to alveolar wall –> activation of coag cascade –> Oxygen free radicals

33
Q

Sleep apnea

A

cessation of breathing > 10 sec while sleeping
Increased Hb –> hypoxia increases EPO
daytime somnolence

34
Q

Tx sleep apnea

A

weight loss
CPAP
surgery

35
Q

1 cause of cancer in US

A

Lung cancer!!!

36
Q

Lung cancer presentation

A

Coin lesion on X-Ray
Non-calcified nodule on CT

cough, hemptysis, bronchial obstruction

37
Q

Mets from lung

A

Adrenals
Brain
Bone
Liver

38
Q

Mets to lung are from

A

Breast
Colon
Prostate
Bladder

39
Q 
Peripheral mass in lung
NONSMOKER
FEMALE
Hazy infiltrate on xray
Clubbing
Thickening of alveolar walls
A

adenocarcinoma

40
Q 
Central hliar lung mass
Cavitation
SMOKER
MALE
Hypercalcemia
Keratin Pearls and intercellular bridges
A

Squamous Cell CA

41
Q 
Central lung mass
undifferentiated--very aggressive
Endocrine Sx
Neuroendocrine cell origin
Kulchitsky Cells
A

Small Cell CA (oat cell)

42
Q

Tx Small Cell CA

A

radiation and chemo

no surgery. all other lung CA are surgical excision

43
Q

Peripheral lung mass
highly anaplastic undifferentiated tumor
Pleomorphic giant cells

A

Large Cell CA

44
Q

Bronchial Carcinoid Tumor

A

Excellent prognosis
Rare mets

Carcinoid Syndrome

45
Q

Small Cell CA mutation

A

myc oncogene amplification

46
Q

Kulchitsky cells

A

Dark blue cells seen in small cell CA

47
Q

Adenocarcinoma mutation

A

activation of k-ras

48
Q 
Asbestos
malignancy of pleura
hemorrhagic pleural effusions
Pleural thickening
PSAMMOMA BODIES
A

Mesothelioma

49
Q

Tumor at apex of lung

Horner’s Syndrome

A

Pancoast Tumor

50
Q

SVC Syndrome

A

obstruction of SVC decreasing drainage from head

JVD
UE Edema
facial plethora

51
Q

SVC Syndrome causes

A

Malignancy

Indwelling catheters

52
Q

Why is SVC syndrome an emergency?

A

increased ICP

HA, Dizzy, aneurysm risk

53
Q

Intra-alveolar exudate –> consolidation

may involve entire lung

A

Lobar pneumonia

entire lobe effected

54
Q

Acute inflammatory infiltrates from bronchioles into adjacent alvoli

Patchy distribution

> 1 lobe

A

Bronchopneumonia (lobular)

55
Q

Diffuse patchy inflammation localized to interstitial areas of alveolar walls

≥1 lobe

A

Interstitial (atypical pneumonia)

56
Q

Lobar pneumonia bugs

A

S. pneumo

Klebsiella

57
Q

Bronchopneumonia bugs

A

S. Pneumo
S. aureus
H. flu
Klebsiella

58
Q

Atypical pneumonia bugs

A

Viruses (flu, RSV, adeno)
Mycoplasma
Legionella
Chlamydia

59
Q

Localized collection of pus within lung parenchyma

A

lung abscess

60
Q

Types of pleural effusions

A

Transudate
Exudate
Lymphatic (chylo)

61
Q

Unilateral chest pain and dyspnea
unilateral chest expansion
decreased tactile fremitus
HYPERRESONANCE

A

Pneumothorax

62
Q

Air enters but cannot exit thorax
Tracheal deviation away from affected side
Trauma

A

Tension Pneumothorax

63
Q

Trachea deviates toward affected side
air in pleural space
Tall thing young male
Due to rupture of apical blebs

A

Spontaneous pneumothorax

Pathology 1st aid (11 decks)

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