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Pathology 1st aid > Neuro Path > Flashcards

Neuro Path Flashcards

1
Q

Decreased cognitive ability, memory, or fxn with intact consciousness

A

Dementia

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2
Q

Alzheimer’s risk is significantly increased with what disease? Why?

A

Down’s Syndrome

APP (21) mutation is on Chromosome 21 –> trisomy 21 increased risk of mutation

Down’s usually get Alz. by 40’s

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3
Q

Early Onset Alzheimer’s mutations

A

APP–Chromosome 21

Prensilin-1 (chromosome 14)

Prensilin-2 (chromosome 1)

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4
Q

Late onset Alzheimer’s Mutations

A

ApoE4–Chromosome 19

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5
Q

ApoE2

A

Chromosome 19

Protective against Alzheimer’s

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6
Q

Alzheimer’s Pathophys

A

Widespread cortical atrophy
Decreased ACh
Neurofibrillary Tangles
Senile Plaques–Aß Amyloid deposition

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7
Q

Neurofibrillary tangles

A

Intracellular, hyperphosphorylated tau proteins agregates

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8
Q 
Spericle tau protein aggregates
Frontotemporal atrophy
Dementia
Aphasia
Parkinsonian Sx
Personality ∆
A

Pick’s Disease

frontotemporal dementia

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9
Q

Parkinsonism
Dementia
Hallucinations

A

Lewy-Body Dementia

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10
Q

Lewy-Body Dementia defect

A

Alpha-Synuclein Defect

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11
Q

Rapidly progressive dementia
Starle myoclonus
Spongiform Cx

A

CJD

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12
Q

CJD Pathophys

A

Prions

PrPc –> PrPsc sheet
ß-pleated sheet resistant to proteases

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13
Q

Scanning Speech
Intention Tremor
Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
Nystagumus

A

Multiple Sclerosis

Charcot’s Triad

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14
Q

Multiple Sclerosis HLA associated

A

HLA-DR2

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15
Q

Dx of MS

A

T2 MRI–oligodendrocyte loss with reactive gliosis (white spots)

Oligoclonal Bands

Increased IgG in CSF

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16
Q

MS Tx

A

ß-INF
Immunosupression
Natalizumab

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17
Q

Autoimmune demyleination and inflammation of CNS

Optic neuritis
MLF syndrome
hemiparesis
hemisensory Sx
bladder/bowel incontinence
A

Multiple Sclerosis

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18
Q

Autoimmune destruction of Schwann Cells
inflammation and demyelination of peripheral nn and mtor fibers

Ascending mm. weakness/paralysis
Facial paralysis
autonomic dysfunction

A

1 varient of Guillain-Barre Syndrome

Acute inflammatory demyelinating plyradiculopathy

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19
Q

Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculopathy labs

A

increased CSF protein
Normal cell count

increased protein –> papilledema

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20
Q

Infections associated with Guillain-Barre Syndrome

A

CMV

Campylobacter jejuni

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21
Q

Pathophys of Guillain-Barre Syndrome

A

Autoimmune attack of peripheral myelin

MOLECULAR MIMICRY

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22
Q

Guillain-Barre Syndrome Tx

A

Plasmapheresis
IV Ig

Respiratory support until recovery

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23
Q

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy

A

Demyelination of CNS due to oligodendrocyte destroyed

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24
Q

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy associated with

A

JC virus
HIV

“Junk, cerebrum”

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25
Q

Multifocal perivenular inflammation and demyelination after infxn or vaccine

A

Acute Disseminated
(postinfectious encephalomyelitis)

VZV, measles
Rabies, smallpox vaccine

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26
Q

Metachromatic Leukodystrophy

A

AD lysosomal storage disease

arylsulfatase A deficiency
Buildup of sulfatides –> impaired production of myelin

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27
Q

Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy

defective production of proteins for fxn of peripheral nn. andmyelin sheath

A

Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease

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28
Q

Krabbe’s Disease

A

AR lysosomal storage disease

Deficiency of galactocerebrosidase

Galactocerebroside destroys myelin sheath

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29
Q

Seizure with impaired consciousness

A

Complex Partial (focal)

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30
Q

Seizure with intact consciousness

A

Simple Partial (focal)

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31
Q

Recurrent seizures

A

Epilepsy

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32
Q

status epilepticus

A

seizure for > 30 minutes or recurrent seizures without regaining consciousness

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33
Q

Causes of seizures in Kids

A 
Genetic
infection
trauma
congenital 
metabolic
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34
Q

Causes of seizures in adults

A

Tumors
Trauma
stroke
Infection

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35
Q

Causes of seizures in elderly

A 
stroke
tumor
trauma
metabolic
infection
36
Q

Seizure that effects 1 part of the brain only

A

Partial (focal) seizure

37
Q

3 Hz
No postictal confusion
blank stare

A

Absence Seizure

38
Q

Quick repetitive jerks (seizure)

A

Myoclonic

39
Q

Alternating stiffness and movement seizure

A

tonic clonic seizure

40
Q

Stiffening seizure

A

Tonic

41
Q

Drop seizure

A

Atonic

42
Q 
Unilateral HA
15 minutes to 3 hrs
repetitive brief HA
male
Excruciating periorbital pain with lacrimation
horner's Syndrome
A

Cluster HA

43
Q

Cluster HA Tx

A

O2

Sumatriptan

44
Q

Bilateral HA
> 30 min (4-6 hrs)
steady pain
No photophobia

A

Tension HA

45
Q 
Unilateral
4-72 hrs
pulsating pain
nausea
photophobia
phonophobia
A

Migraine HA

46
Q

Migraine HA Tx

A

Abortive Tx: Triptans

Prophylactic: propranolol, topiramate

47
Q

Pathophys of migraine HA

A

CN V irritation, meninges, or blood vessels

Substance P, CGRP, or vasoactive peptides

48
Q

Worst HA of my life!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

A

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

49
Q

DDx Cluster HA from trigeminal neuralgia

A

Trig–CN V distribution < 1 minute

Cluster– > 15 min

50
Q

Spinning sensation while stationary

A

Vertigo

51
Q

Peripheral Vertigo

A

Inner ear etiology: semicircular canal debris, vestibular nerve infxn, Meniere’s disease

Delayed positional testing with HORAZONTAL nystagmus

52
Q

Central Vertigo

A

Brain Stem or cerebellar lesion

Directional change of nystagmus
skew deviation
diplopia
dysmetria

immediate positional testing with RANDOM nytagmus that ∆ direction

53
Q

Port Wine stain (nevus flammeus)
Ipsilateral leptomeningeal angiomas
Pheochromocytoma

A

Sturge-Weber Syndrome

54
Q

Sturge-Weber can cause

A

glaucoma
seizures
hemiparesis
mental retardation

55
Q

Tuberous Sclerosis

HAMARTOMAS mnemonic

A 
hamartomas in CNS
Adenoma Sebaceum
Mitral regurg
Ash-leaf spot
Cardiac Rhabdomyoma
Autosomal Dominant
Mental Retardation
renal angiomyolipoma
Seizures
56
Q 
Cafe-au-lait spots
Lisch Nodules (iris)
neurofibromas in skin
optic glioma
pheochromocytoma
A

Neurofibromatosis Type I

von REcklinghausen’s Disease

57
Q

Neurofibromatosis Type I mutation

A

NF1 Gene on Chromosome 17

58
Q

Cavenous hemangioma on skin, mucosa, organs

Bilateral RCC

hemangioblastoma in retina, brainstem, cerebellum

Pheochromocytoma

A

von Hippel-Lindau Disease

59
Q

von Hippel-Lindau Disease mutation

A

VHL on chromosome 3

60
Q

Pseudopalisading pleomorphic tumor
Border central areas of necrosis and hemorrhage
Dies < 1 yr.
Crosses corpus callosum

Cerebral hemispheres

A

Glioblastoma multiforme

61
Q

1 type of Glioblastoma

A

Astrocytoma

GFAP+

62
Q 
Mass in convexities of hemispheres or parasagittal region
Whorled Pattern, psammomma bodies
arises from arachnoid cells
No Sx
dural attachment
Benign
external to brain parenchyma
A

Meningioma

63
Q

Mass on CN VIII at cerebropontine angle

S-100+

A

Schwannoma (acoustic schwannoma)

64
Q

Schwannoma Tx

A

resection

sterotactic radiosurgery

65
Q

Meningioma Tx

A

resectable

66
Q

1 1º tumor in adults

A

Glioblastoma Multiforme

67
Q

Chicken wire capillary pattern
Fried egg appearing cells
Calcified
Frontal Lobe Mass

A

Oligodendroglioma

68
Q

Most common pituitary adenoma

A

Prolactinoma

bitemporal hemianopia
hyper/hypo pituitarism

69
Q

Adult 1º CNS tumors in order

A 
Glioblastoma multiforme
meningioma
schwannoma
oligodendroglioma
pituitary adenoma
70
Q

Childhoon 1º tumors in order

A 
Pilocytic astrocytoma
Medulloblastoma
Ependymoma
Hemangioblastoma
Craniopharyngioma
71
Q

CNS tumors with calcifications

A

Craniopharyngioma

Oligodenroglioma

72
Q

Well circumscribed mass in posterior fossa of child

GFAP+

Benign

A

Pilocytic astrocytoma (#1 kids CNS 1º)

73
Q

Highly malignant cerebellar tumar
kids
primitive neuroectodermal tumor
compresses 4th ventricle –> hydrocephalus

Mets down spine

A

Medulloblastoma

74
Q

Histo buzz for Pilocytic astrocytoma

A

Rosental Fibers

Eosinophilic corkscrew fibers

75
Q

Gross appearance of pilocytic astrocytoma

A

Cystic and solid

76
Q

Medulloblastoma histo buzz

A

Homer-Wright Rosettes

small blue cells

77
Q

medulloblastoma Tx

A

Radiation (radiosensitive tumor)

78
Q

Tumors that cause hydrocephalus due to 4th ventricle compression

A

Medulloblastoma

Ependymoma

79
Q

Gross appearance of medulloblastoma

A

solid mass

80
Q

Ependymoma

A

Tumor of ependymal cells

4th ventricle most common site

hydrocephalus

poor prognosis

81
Q

Ependymoma histo Buzz

A

perivascular pseudorosettes

rod shaped blepharoplasts near nucleus–basal ciliary bodes

82
Q 
Benign childhood tumor
bitemporal hemianopsia
confused with pituitary adenoma
calcifications
Supratentoral
A

Craniopharyngioma

83
Q

Craniopharyngioma derrived from

A

Rathke’s pouch remnant

pharyngeal ectoderm

84
Q

Herniation that compresses ACA

A

Cingulate (subfalcine) herniation

under falx cerebri

85
Q

Herniation of medial temporal lobe

A

Uncal

86
Q

Coma and death due to compression of brain stem

Herniation through foramen magnum

A

Cerebellar tonsillar herniation

Pathology 1st aid (11 decks)

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