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Pathology 1st aid > General Path > Flashcards

General Path Flashcards

1
Q

Disolution of Chromatin

A

Karyolysis

in apoptosis

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2
Q

nuclear fragmentation

A

karyohexis

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3
Q

Nuclear shrinkage

A

pyknosis

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4
Q

Initiation of Intrinsic apoptosis pathway

A

Growth factor withdrawl

exposure to injurious stimuli

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5
Q

Initiation of Extrinsic apoptosis path

A

Fas (CD95)

Cytotoxic T cell release perforin and granzyme B

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6
Q

Reperfusion type of necrosis

A

Red coagulative

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7
Q

Rolling receptors for Neutrophils and vascular tissue

A

Vascular–E and P selectin

leukocyte–Sialyl-Lewis

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8
Q

Tight bonding receptors for leukocyte

A

Vascular–ICAM-1

leukocyte–LFA-1 (integrin)

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9
Q

Diapedisis receptors for leukocytes

A

PECAM-1 for leukocytes and vascular tissue

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10
Q

Migration chemotactic signals for leukocytes

A

C5a
IL-8
LTB4
Kallikrein

“CILK”

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11
Q

Inflammatory phase of wound healing cells

A

plts., neutrophils, macrophages

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12
Q

Proliferative Phase of wound healing cells

A

fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, endothelial cells, keratinocytes, macrophages

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13
Q

Remodeling phase of wound healing cells

A

fibroblasts

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14
Q

Inflammatory phase of wound healing

A

clot formation
vessel permeability and neutrophil migration

Macs clear debris in 2 days

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15
Q

Proliferative Phase (2-3 days post injury)

A 
Deposition of granulation tissue and collagen (type III)
angiogenesis
epithelial cell proliferation
dissolution of clot
wound retraction due to myofibroblasts
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16
Q

Remodeling phase (1 week post injury)

A

Type III collagen replaced by Type I

increased tensile strength of tissue

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17
Q

Granuloma formation mechanism

A

INF-gamma from TH1 cells activate macrophages

macrophages secrete TNF-alpha –> induce and maintain granuloma

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18
Q

Fluid with:

Hypocellular
Protein poor
Specific gravity < 1.012

A

Transudate

Due to increased hydrostatic pressure
decreased π
Na retention

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19
Q

Fluid with:

Hypercellular
Protein Rich
Specific Gravity > 1.020

A

Exudate

Due to :
Lymphatic obst.
Inflammation
increased permeability

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20
Q

Mechanism of cell death with Fe poisoning

Sx

A

Peroxidation of lipid membrane

Sx: GI bleed (acute)
Metabolic acidosis, scarring –> GI obstruction (Chronic)

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21
Q

ß pleated sheet structures deposition leading to cell death and apoptosis

A

Amyloidosis

Congo Red
Apple Green Birefringence

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22
Q

AL Amyloidosis (1º)

A

Ig Light Chains

plasma cell disorder associated with multiple myeloma

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23
Q

AA Amyloidosis (2º)

A

Fibrils composed of Amyloid A

RA
IBD
TB

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24
Q

Dialysis related Amyloidosis

A

ß2-microglobin

Carpal tunnel Syndrome, joint pain

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25
Q

Heritable Amyloidosis

A

Transthyretin (TTR or prealbumin) gene mutation

ATTR–neurologic/cardiac amyloidosis

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26
Q

Age Related Amyloidosis

A

Depostion of normal TTR in myocardium (other sites too)

Slower progression than AL

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27
Q

Organ Specific Amyloidosis

A

Deposition in specific organ

Most important–Alzheimer’s Disease
ß-amyloid protein

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28
Q

Neoplastic progression

A

Normal –> Hyperplasia –> CA in situ –> Invasion –> Metastasis

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29
Q

how do tumors invade basement membrane

A

collegenases and hydrolases

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30
Q

Loss of size, shape, orientation of cell

A

dysplasia

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31
Q

Increase in # of cells

A

hyperplasia

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32
Q

Increase in size of cells

A

hypertrophy

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33
Q

One adult cell type replaced by another

A

metaplasia

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34
Q

abnormal cells lacking differentiation

A

anaplasia

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35
Q

clonal proliferation fo cells taht is uncontrolled and excessive

A

neoplasia

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36
Q

Fibrous tissue formation in response to neoplasm

A

desmoplasia

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37
Q

Prognostic predictor of tumor

A

stage

degree of localization/spread

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38
Q

Degreee of cellular differentiation

A

Tumor Grade

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39
Q

Benign tumor of epithelium

A

Adenoma

Papilloma

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40
Q

Malignant tumor of Epithelium

A

adenocarcinoma

papillary carcinoma

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41
Q

Malignant tumor of blood cells

A

Leukemia

Lymphoma

42
Q

Benign tumor of blood vessels

A

hemangioma

43
Q

malignant blood vessel tumor

A

angiosarcoma

44
Q

Smooth muscle cell tumor–benign and malignant

A

Benign–leiomyoma

Malignant–leiomyosarcoma

45
Q

Striated muscle tumors

A

Benign–rhabdomyoma

Malignant–rhabdomyosarcoma

46
Q

Connective tissue tumors

A

Benign–fibroma

Malignant–fibrosarcoma

47
Q

Bone tumor

A

Benign–osteoma

Malignant–osteosarcoma

48
Q

Fat tumors

A

benign–lipoma

malignant–liposarcoma

49
Q

Origin of Sarcoma

A

mesenchymal

50
Q

Origin of carcinoma

A

epithelial

51
Q

Neoplasm associated with Down Syndrome

A

ALL

52
Q

Neoplasm associated with Xeroderma pigmentosum and albinism

A

Melanoma
Basal cell CA
especially Squamous cell CA of skin

53
Q

Neoplasm associated with Chronic atrophic gastritis, pernicious anemia, postsurgical gastric remnants

A

Gastric Adenocarcinoma

54
Q

Neoplasm associated with tuberous sclerosis

A

Giant cell astrocytoma
renal angiomyolipoma
cardiac rhabdomyoma

55
Q

Tuberous Sclerosis Sx

A

Facial Angiofibroma
seizures
mental retardation

56
Q

Neoplasm associated with Actinic Keratosis

A

Squamous cell CA of skin

57
Q

Neoplasm associated with Barrett’s Esophagus (chronic GI reflux)

A

Esophageal adenocarcinoma

58
Q

Neoplasm associated with Plummer Vinson Syndrome (low Fe)

A

Squamous cell CA of esophagus

59
Q

Neoplasm associated with cirrhosis

A

HCC

60
Q

Neoplasm associated with UC

A

Colonic adenocarcinoma

61
Q

Neoplasm associated with Paget’s disease of bone

A

2º ostiosarcoma and firbrosarcoma

62
Q

Neoplasm associated with immunodefficiency states

A

malignant lymphomas

63
Q

Neoplasm associated with AIDS

A

agressive malignant lymphoma

kaposi’s Sarcoma (HHV-8)

64
Q

Neoplasm associated with Autoimmune diseases

A

Lymphoma

65
Q

Neoplasm associated with Acanthosis nigracans

A

visceral malignancy (stomach, lung, uterus)

66
Q

Neoplasm associated with dysplastic nevus

A

malignant melanoma

67
Q

Neoplasm associated with radiation exposure

A

leukemia
sarcoma
papillary thyroid cancer
breast cancer

68
Q

Prostate CA tumor markers

A

PSA

PAP–prostatic acid phosphatase

69
Q

CEA tumor marker

A

70% colorectal and pancreatic cancers

gatric, brease, medullary thyroid CA

70
Q

alpha fetal protein tumor marker

A

HCC

Nonseminomatous germ cell tumors

71
Q

ß-hCG tumor marker

A

Hydatidiform moles
Choriocarcinoma
gestational trophoblastic disease

72
Q

Ovarian Cancer marker

A

CA-125

73
Q

S-100 tumor marker

A

melanoma
neural tumors
schwannomas

74
Q

Alkaline Phosphatase tumor marker

A

Mets to bone and liver

paget’s disease of bone

75
Q

Bombesin

A

neuroblastoma
lung cancer
gastric cancer

76
Q

TRAP+ Cancer

A

Hairy cell leukemia

77
Q

CA-19-9 tumor marker

A

pancreatic adenocarcinoma

78
Q

Marker for medullary thyroid CA

A

Calcitonin

CEA

79
Q

HTLV-1 associated cancers

A

Adult T-Cell Leukemia/lymphoma

80
Q

HBV/HCV associated cancers

A

Hepatocellular CA

81
Q

EBV associated cancers

A

Burkitt’s Lymphoma
Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
nasopharyngeal CA
CNS lymphoma

82
Q

HPV associated cancers

A

Cervical CA (16, 18)
Penile/anal CA
upper respiratory squamous cell CA

83
Q

HHV-8 associated cancers

A

Kaposi’s Sarcoma

body cavity fluid B-cell lymphoma

84
Q

H. pylori associated cancers

A

Gastric adenocarcinoma and lymphoma

85
Q

Schistosoma haematobium associated cancers

A

squamous cell bladder cancer

86
Q

Liver fluke (Clonorchis sinensis) associated cancers

A

cholangiocarcinoma

87
Q

Tumor causing cushing’s syndrome Sx

A

increased ACTH or ACTH-like peptide

Small cell CA of lung

88
Q

Tumor causing SIADH

A

Small Cell CA of lung

intracranial neoplasm

89
Q

PTHrP secreting tumor

A

squamous cell lung CA
renal cell CA
breast cancer

causes hypercalcemia

90
Q

1,25 OH2 D3 (calcitrol) secreting tumor

A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma
some non-hodgkin

causes hypercalcemia

91
Q

EPO secreting tumor

A

RCC
hemangioblastoma
HCC
pheochromocytoma

causes polycythemia

92
Q

Tumor that causes Lambert Eaton Syndrome

A

Small Cell CA of lung

93
Q

tumors that cause hypercalcemia

A

Squamous cell CA of lung
RCC
breast cancer
Hodgkin’s and some non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

94
Q

Cancer incidence Men and women

A
  1. Prostate/breast
  2. lung
  3. Colon/rectum
95
Q

Cancer mortality men and women

A
  1. Lung

2. prostate/breast

96
Q

Most common Mets to brain

A
  1. lung
  2. breast
  3. GU
  4. osteosarcoma
  5. melanoma
  6. GI
97
Q

Most common mets to liver

A
  1. Colon
  2. stomach
  3. pancreas
98
Q

Most common mets to bone

A
  1. prostate/breast
  2. lung
  3. thyroid
  4. Testes
99
Q

Most common site for mets after regional lymph nodes

A

Liver

lung

100
Q

Location/description of mets to brain most commonly

A

well-circumscribed tumors at gray/white matter jxn

Pathology 1st aid (11 decks)

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