Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology 2 > Respiratory overview and ventilation of the lungs > Flashcards

Respiratory overview and ventilation of the lungs Flashcards

1
Q

External Respiration

A

Respiration involves the transport of O2 and CO2 between the environment and tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Internal Respiration

A

Is often used to refer to oxidative phosphorylation (Mitochondria)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The 4 processes of Ventilation

A
  1. Ventilation
  2. Diffusion @ lung
  3. Gas transport in blood
  4. Diffusion @ tissue level
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Diffusion

A

Gases occur in the alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Importance of Respiratory System

A

One of the Vital signs assessed in TPR (respiratory rate)

Route of entry for certain infections/agents

Route for inhalant anesthetic agent/ drug administration

Involved in vocalization, defense, metabolism etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How do the airways start

A

With nostrils (nares), which are paired external openings

Nostrils are most pliable and dilatable in the horse and most rigid in the pig

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Obligate nasal breathing

A

Horses breathing prefered in the nose because of the long epiglottis which hinders their ability to mouth breath.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the upper airways

A

Portionthatextendsfromthenaresormouthtoandincludingthelarynx.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the lower airways

A

Extendsfromthesubglottis (trachea)toandincludingtheterminalbronchioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Generations

A

Airways make progressive branchings

humans have 0 to 26 generations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What happens at approximately generation 17

A

Alveoli start to bud off at respiratory bronchioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What’s th 0 generation

A

The trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What’s the 1st generation

A

Right and left main stem bronchi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What happens as the generation number increases

A

As generation number increases, amount of cilia, and # of mucus secreting cells, submucosal glands and cartilages decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The transition from trachea to bronchi

A

Airways maintain cartilage until several branching from trachea (~10th generation) up to which point they are referred to as bronchi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Importance of Cartilages

A

Cartilages prevent airways from collapsing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Do bronchioles lack cartilage

A

Bronchioles are cartilage-free airways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the main epithelium for the upper respiratory tract ( neres to tracheobronchial tree)

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium, ciliated, goblet cells secreting mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Epithelium for bronchioles

A

Cuboidal epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Epithelium of type I Alveoli

A

The most abundant Type I pneumocytes are squamous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Epithelium of type II Alveoli

A

Type II (Surfactant producing) pneumocytes are cuboidal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are Alveolar air spaces

A

Are sites of gas exchange

Start to bud off at respiratory bronchioles, which also take part in gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What happens to the density of alveoli with the increase of generation number

A

Density of alveoli increases with generation number, and alveolar ducts finally terminate as blind alveolar sacs (generation 26)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the terminal respiratory unit

A

The aggregation of airways arising from a terminal bronchiole (resp. bronchioles, alveolar ducts and sacs) along with associated blood and lymphatic vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Respiratory Membrane consists of

A

Alveolar (alv)Epithelium with surfactant,
Alv. basement membrane,
Interstitial space,
Capillary endothelial basement membrane, and
Capillary endothelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does oxygen consumption depend on

A

Oxygen consumption depends on the level of activity (metabolic rate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

More aerobic species (horse,dog) compared to less aerobic species

A

More aerobic species (horse, dog) have greater oxygen demand than less aerobic sp. (cow, goat) of similar body weight; related to more mitochondrial density in sk. muscle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

More aerobic species (horse,dog) compared to less aerobic species

A

More aerobic species (horse, dog) have greater oxygen demand than less aerobic sp. (cow, goat) of similar body weight; related to more mitochondrial density in sk. muscle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Training increases VO2 max

A

In normal animals, the need for oxygen is met with only small increase in energy cost

29
Q

What does respiratory disease do to the energy cost of breathing

A

Resp. disease can increase the energy cost of breathing

 - Hence, energy available for other needs (growth, reproduction, exercise) is affected
30
Q

What is VO2 max

A

VO2 max is the maximal rate of oxygen consumption that can be consumed by an animal
Human adult male vomax is ~45 ml/min/kg;

31
Q

Basal ( resting) metabolism

A

Metabolic body weight (M0.75)
smaller species consume more O2 per Kg of b.wt than do larger species

31
Q

Basal ( resting) metabolism

A

Metabolic body weight (M0.75)
smaller species consume more O2 per Kg of b.wt than do larger species

31
Q

Basal ( resting) metabolism

A

Metabolic body weight (M0.75)
smaller species consume more O2 per Kg of b.wt than do larger species

32
Q

Respiratory cycle/ Ventilation consists of

A

A resp. cycle consists of an inspiratory phase followed by an expiratory phase.

33
Q

Inspiration

A

Involves an enlargement of the thorax and lungs, with an accompanying airflow
- Due to contraction of diaphragm and intercostal muscles

34
Q

Expiration

A

Is a passive process- relaxation of muscles, recoil of the lungs, air outflow

35
Q

What is ventilation

A

Is the movement of air into & out of lungs

Direction of movement is affected by relationship between intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressures

36
Q

Inhalation

A

When P inside < P outside

37
Q

Exhalation

A

When P inside > P outside

38
Q

No flow ( Rest)

A

When P inside= P outside

39
Q

Describe Boyle’s Law

A

Intrapleural pressure maintains a pull-on lungs (pleural cavity is a closed space)

In a closed container, V is inversely proportional to P, Boyle’s Law:
V = K/P; PV = K

40
Q

Pressures (P) involved in ventilation

A

PB = Barometric (atmospheric) P.

PA = Alveolar (pulmonary) P.

PIP = Intrapleural P (also PPL); that b/n parietal and visceral pleural membranes; normally a negative pressure

PTP = Transpulmonary P. = PA – PIP
41
Q

Transpulmonary P. formula

A

PTP = Transpulmonary P. = PA – PIP

42
Q

At rest (end of expiration) what happens to P

A

PA = PB

43
Q

What happens to P during inspiration

A

During inspiration, increase in the size of chest wall decreases PIP which then leads to a decline in PA and subsequent air flow into lungs

44
Q

What happens to P during expiration

A

During expiration, PIP increases that leads to a rise in PA and subsequent air flow out of lungs

45
Q

Pressure changes during ventilation

A
46
Q

Primary muscles used during inspiration

A
  • primary muscles are the diaphragm (phrenic n.) and Intercostals (ext/int)
  • Apex of dome moves caudally, enlarging thoracic cavity (reduces and cavity); decrease PIP
47
Q

In forced inhalation, additional muscles (secondary):

A

Scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, neck and back muscles,

48
Q

Primary muscles of Expiration

A

There is no primary muscle of expiration

mostly passive; relaxation of insp. muscles, & elastic recoil of lungs & thorax

49
Q

Expiration muscles during forced expiration

A

Accessory muscles become active in forced expiration (exercise, asthma etc)

Abdominal muscles, intercostals

50
Q

Ventilation vs Gait

A

In running (cursorial) animals, ventilation is synchronized with gait in canter and gallop but not in trot or walk: i.e. 1:1 ratio between the number of breaths and strides

A horse in gallop, “expels air as the front legs strike the ground and breathes in as it pushes off with the rear limbs”

51
Q

Lung Capacity

A

Consist of two or more volumes

52
Q

Spirometry

A

Is used to determined volume

53
Q

Plethysmographs

A

Used to measure pressure differences

54
Q

Please know the volumes/capacities in the chart; I may ask you any combination of formulas.

A

Volume:
ERV= Expiratory reserve volume
IRV= Inspiratory reserve volume
VT= Tidal Volume

Capacity:
FRC (Functional residual capacity)=RV(Residual volume)+ ERV (Expiratory reserve volume)
IC (Inspiratory capacity)= IRV + VT
VC (Vital capacity)= IC + ERV or VC=IRV +TV+ERV
TLC (Total lung capacity) = VC + RV

55
Q

Tidal Volume (TV)

A

The volume of each breath; (resting level breathing)

56
Q

IRV

A

Additional air that could further be inhaled with maximum effort after quiet inhalation

57
Q

ERV

A

Additional air that could be exhaled with maximal effort after quiet exhalation

58
Q

RV

A

Air left in the lungs after maximal expiratory effort

59
Q

TLC

A

SUm of all four volumes

60
Q

FEV1

A

(Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second)
- should be 80% of VC in healthy adult young human.

61
Q

Alveoli function

A

Site for gas exchange
–> Alveolar air, AV

62
Q

Anatomic Dead-space

A

Conductive airways = nares to terminal bronchioles

63
Q

Alveolar dead-space

A

Poorly perfused alveoli, limited or no exchange

64
Q

Physiologic dead-space

A

Anatomic + Alveolar dead-space

65
Q

Dead-space/tidal volume or DV/TV

A

The fraction of each breath ventilating the dead-space
30 % in dogs
50-75% in cattle, horse

66
Q

Because dead space is relatively constant what does it affect

A

TV, f or both are responsible for altering the amount of air ventilating the alveoli during exercise & thermoregulation due to dead space being constant

67
Q

Heat Stress

A

Dogs (panting): small TV, increased f, increased Dead-space (DS) ventilation, evaporation, heat loss
Large animals: increased f, increased DS ventilation, heat loss

68
Q

Cold Stress

A

Need to increase metabolism ( increased O2 consumption, CO2 production that needs to be eliminated)

Increased alveolar ventilation (increase TV), decrease DS ventilation
decrease f, decrease DS ventilation

Physiology 2 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions