Neuro study guide

Question 1

Definition of Central Nervous System (CNS)

Answer 1

Brain and spinal cord. Covered by the meninges.

Question 2

Definition of Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Answer 2

SYMPATHETIC & PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM: Neuron soma clustered in ganglia near CNS; axons project to visceral organs, blood vessel smooth muscle, hair follicles, and sweat glands (INVOLUNTARY motor system)

Question 3

Definition of Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Answer 3

Lies outside the dura mater.

Include sensory receptors, spinal and cranial nerves that carry impulses away from or toward the CNS and peripheral portions of autonomic nervous system.

Question 4

Definition of Visceral neurons

Answer 4

To cardiac muscle
to smooth muscle
to exocrine glands

Question 5

Definition of Somatic neurons

Answer 5

To skeletal muscle

Question 6

Meaning of Afferent

Answer 6

Sensory (afferent) nerves carry messages from the periphery to CNS

Question 7

Meaning of Efferent

Answer 7

Peripheral motor (efferent) nerves carry messages from the CNS to peripheral tissues

Question 8

Motor nerves

Answer 8

Motor neurons are in CNS, but their axons bundle into nerves and travel peripherally to skeletal muscles (VOLUNTARY & REFLEXIVE motor system)

Question 9

SENSORY NERVOUS SYSTEM

Answer 9

Neuron soma clustered in ganglia near CNS; axons bundled into nerve fibers projecting to periphery and into CNS

Question 10

Parts of the CNS

Answer 10

Prosencephalon—forebrain
Mesencephalon—midbrain
Rhombencephalon—hindbrain

spinal cord

Question 11

Telencephalon

Answer 11

Made of the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia and hippocampus.

For a number of functions:thinking, learning, memory and consciousness.

Question 12

Cerebral Cortex

Answer 12

Mediates sensory integration and conscious sensory perception. Formulates and executes voluntary movement.

Question 13

Basal Nuclei

Answer 13

Collection of nuclei that modulate motor functions of cerebral cortex

Question 14

Hippocampus

Answer 14

Spatial learning and memory

Question 15

Diencephalon

Answer 15

Relay between brainstem and cortex

Question 16

Thalamus

Answer 16

Sensory relay ( not smell)

Relay station and modulator of information being passed to the cerebral cortex from sensory systems and other brain regions

Question 17

Hypothalamus

Answer 17

Autonomic control center for visceral functions (e.g., blood pressure, rate and force of heartbeat, digestive tract motility)

Question 18

Brain stem

Answer 18

Consists of Midbrain, pons, and medulla

Caudal brainstem serves as a passage for axons traveling from higher CNS centers to the spinal cord (descending pathways) and vice versa (ascending pathways).

Question 19

Pon

Answer 19

Contains somatic motor neurons that control
nucleus for CN V (mastication)
nucleus for CN VI (eye movement)
nucleus for CN VII (facial muscle)

Receives somatic sensory information from the face, scalp, mouth, and nose (portion of the nucleus for CN V).

Question 20

Medulla

Answer 20

Receives information from sensory receptors through cranial nerves and sends motor commands to skeletal and smooth muscle

The medulla is involved in controlling blood pressure, heart rate, respiration, and digestion
- nuclei of CN IX and X

The medulla contains somatic motor neurons that innervate the
nucleus of CN XI (muscles of the neck)
nucleus of CN XII (tongue)

Question 21

Meninges

Answer 21

From outer to inner
Dura Mater
Arachnoid Space
Pia Mater

Question 22

Meninges

Question 23

Dura Mater

Question 24

Arachnoid Space

Question 25

Pia Mater

Question 26

Organization of PNS

Answer 26

Sensory (afferent division) -Somatic - Visceral Motor (efferent division) -Somatic Nervous system or visceral - Autonomic Nervous system - sympathetic or parasympathetic

Question 27

Neuron

Question 28

Dendrite

Question 29

Axon

Question 30

Soma

Question 31

Astrocyte

Answer 31

Main glycogen storage of CNS, provides lactate

Question 32

Oligodendrocyte

Answer 32

Myelination in the CNS

Question 33

Schwann cells

Answer 33

Myelination in the PNS

Question 34

Microglia

Answer 34

Phagocytize in CNS

Question 35

Axoplasmic transport

Question 36

Electric Synapse

Question 37

Chemical Synapse

Question 38

Main difference between electric and chemical synapse

Question 39

Neuromuscular Junction definition

Question 40

Structure of neuromuscular junction

Question 41

Neurotransmitter cycle

Question 42

Neurotransmitter cycle: Synthesis

Question 43

Neurotransmitter cycle: Transport

Question 44

Neurotransmitter cycle:Storage

Question 45

Neurotransmitter cycle: Release

Question 46

Neurotransmitter cycle: Inactivation

Question 47

Names of excitatory neurotransmitters

Question 48

Names of inhibitory neurotransmitters

Question 49

What is a reflex

Question 50

Neural components of the reflex arc

Question 51

Understand what sensory, motor, interneuron etc means.

Question 52

What does the Muscle Spindle sense and innervations to and from

Question 53

What does the Golgi Tendon sense and innervations to and from

Question 54

Skeletal muscle

Answer 54

SKELETAL MUSCLE IS THE EXTRAFUSAL FIBERS. THE INTRAFUSAL FIBERS ARE THE RECEPTORS AND HAVE NO ROLE IN THE FUNCTION OF THE MUSCLE (CONTRACTION)

Question 55

Extrafusal Fibers

Question 56

Intrafusal Fibers

Question 57

Myotatic reflex: Knee jerk. why is it down on the knee and not other muscles

Question 58

Structure of Muscle

Question 59

Properties of Muscle

Question 60

Organization of sarcomere

Question 61

Structure of thick and thin filaments

Question 62

T Tubules

Question 63

Triad

Question 64

SR (

Question 65

Slow twitch fibers

Question 66

Fast twitch fibers

Question 67

Muscle Synapse and its structures

Question 68

Action potential in neurons : Muscle contraction

Question 69

Steps of Action potential

Question 70

Motor Unit

Question 71

Motor neuron pool

Question 72

Summations

Question 73

Temporal Summation

Question 74

Spatial Summation

Question 75

Sequence of events at NMJ during an action potential

Question 76

Myasthenia gravis

Question 77

The 3 phases of a twitch

Question 78

Cross bridge cycle/sliding filament theory – 5 steps

Question 79

Rigor Mortis

Question 80

Know the difference of a twitch, Fused and unfused tetany

Question 81

Fused tetany

Question 82

Unfused tetany

Question 83

Twitch

Question 84

Energy source for muscle ATP

Question 85

Isometric contraction

Question 86

Isotonic contraction

Question 87

Termination of contraction in skeletal muscle

Question 88

Main difference of smooth from skeletal muscle

Question 89

Difference of smooth muscle from cardiac and skeletal

Answer 89

1. Rate of rise of the action potential in smooth muscle is lower because Ca2+ channels open more slowly than do Na+ channels in skeletal and cardiac muscle. 2. Repolarization of the smooth muscle cell is also relatively slow. Two explanations may be offered for this slower repolarization. First, voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, which are responsible for the depolarization phase of the action potential, inactivate slowly. Second, the repolarization phase of the action potential reflects the delayed activation of voltage-gated K+ channels and, in some cases, Ca2+-activated K+ channels. 3. They do not contain t tubules, and their sarcoplasmic reticulum is poorly developed 4. These cells rely primarily on the transmembrane diffusion of Ca2+ ions from the extracellular fluid to induce the actin-myosin interactions responsible for contraction 5. In many smooth muscle cells the sarcoplasmic reticulum is poorly developed, and extracellular Ca2+ influx plays the principal role in initiating the contractile process. Even though smooth muscle cells have no T tubules, this Ca2+ influx is achieved, on membrane depolarization, through activation of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels located in shallow depressions of the membrane (caveolae) 6. In skeletal and cardiac muscle, cross-bridge cycling relies primarily on the Ca2+-induced removal of the tropomyosin block of the actin-binding site. In smooth muscle, cycling relies on a Ca2+-induced increase in the ATPase activity of the myosin head, another slow process.

Question 90

What happens if an excitatory/inhibitory interneuron synapses with a LMN

Question 91

What does OP poisoning do

Question 92

What happens in myasthenia

Question 93

What happens if there is loss of myelination?

Question 94

Function of Cerebellum

Answer 94

equilibrium, coordination, appropriate adjustment

Question 95

Layers of cells : Cerebellum

Question 96

Input and output fibers: Cerebellum

Question 97

Cerebellum tracts

Question 98

Diseases related to cerebellum

Question 99

Local Spinal circuit

Question 100

Types of movement

Answer 100

voluntary and involuntary, muscles involved, UMN and LMN)

Question 101

Hierarchical organization of control of movement

Question 102

Motor system hierarchy

Question 103

Spinal reflex circuit, flexor reflex

Question 104

Brainstem Motor pathways

Question 105

Characteristics of extrapyramidal system (reticulo, tecto, rubro and vestibuo spinal tract)

Question 106

Corticospinal tract (origin, decussation, end, lateral and ventral tract, lesions)

Question 107

Premotor cortex

Question 108

Supplementary motor cortex

Question 109

Basal Ganglia

Question 110

Sensory perceptions