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Physiology 2 > Neuro study guide > Flashcards

Neuro study guide Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Brain and spinal cord. Covered by the meninges.

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2
Q

Definition of Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A

SYMPATHETIC & PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM: Neuron soma clustered in ganglia near CNS; axons project to visceral organs, blood vessel smooth muscle, hair follicles, and sweat glands (INVOLUNTARY motor system)

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3
Q

Definition of Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

Lies outside the dura mater.

Include sensory receptors, spinal and cranial nerves that carry impulses away from or toward the CNS and peripheral portions of autonomic nervous system.

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4
Q

Definition of Visceral neurons

A

To cardiac muscle
to smooth muscle
to exocrine glands

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5
Q

Definition of Somatic neurons

A

To skeletal muscle

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6
Q

Meaning of Afferent

A

Sensory (afferent) nerves carry messages from the periphery to CNS

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7
Q

Meaning of Efferent

A

Peripheral motor (efferent) nerves carry messages from the CNS to peripheral tissues

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8
Q

Motor nerves

A

Motor neurons are in CNS, but their axons bundle into nerves and travel peripherally to skeletal muscles (VOLUNTARY & REFLEXIVE motor system)

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9
Q

SENSORY NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

Neuron soma clustered in ganglia near CNS; axons bundled into nerve fibers projecting to periphery and into CNS

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10
Q

Parts of the CNS

A

Prosencephalon—forebrain
Mesencephalon—midbrain
Rhombencephalon—hindbrain

spinal cord

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11
Q

Telencephalon

A

Made of the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia and hippocampus.

For a number of functions:thinking, learning, memory and consciousness.

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12
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Mediates sensory integration and conscious sensory perception. Formulates and executes voluntary movement.

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13
Q

Basal Nuclei

A

Collection of nuclei that modulate motor functions of cerebral cortex

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14
Q

Hippocampus

A

Spatial learning and memory

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15
Q

Diencephalon

A

Relay between brainstem and cortex

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16
Q

Thalamus

A

Sensory relay ( not smell)

Relay station and modulator of information being passed to the cerebral cortex from sensory systems and other brain regions

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17
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Autonomic control center for visceral functions (e.g., blood pressure, rate and force of heartbeat, digestive tract motility)

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18
Q

Brain stem

A

Consists of Midbrain, pons, and medulla

Caudal brainstem serves as a passage for axons traveling from higher CNS centers to the spinal cord (descending pathways) and vice versa (ascending pathways).

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19
Q

Pon

A

Contains somatic motor neurons that control
nucleus for CN V (mastication)
nucleus for CN VI (eye movement)
nucleus for CN VII (facial muscle)

Receives somatic sensory information from the face, scalp, mouth, and nose (portion of the nucleus for CN V).

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20
Q

Medulla

A

Receives information from sensory receptors through cranial nerves and sends motor commands to skeletal and smooth muscle

The medulla is involved in controlling blood pressure, heart rate, respiration, and digestion
- nuclei of CN IX and X

The medulla contains somatic motor neurons that innervate the
nucleus of CN XI (muscles of the neck)
nucleus of CN XII (tongue)

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21
Q

Meninges

A

From outer to inner
Dura Mater
Arachnoid Space
Pia Mater

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22
Q

Meninges

A
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23
Q

Dura Mater

A
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24
Q

Arachnoid Space

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25
Q

Pia Mater

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26
Q

Organization of PNS

A

Sensory (afferent division)
-Somatic
- Visceral
Motor (efferent division)
-Somatic Nervous system or visceral
- Autonomic Nervous system
- sympathetic or parasympathetic

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27
Q

Neuron

A
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28
Q

Dendrite

A
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29
Q

Axon

A
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30
Q

Soma

A
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31
Q

Astrocyte

A

Main glycogen storage of CNS, provides lactate

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32
Q

Oligodendrocyte

A

Myelination in the CNS

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33
Q

Schwann cells

A

Myelination in the PNS

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34
Q

Microglia

A

Phagocytize in CNS

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35
Q

Axoplasmic transport

A
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36
Q

Electric Synapse

A
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37
Q

Chemical Synapse

A
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38
Q

Main difference between electric and chemical synapse

A
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39
Q

Neuromuscular Junction definition

A
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40
Q

Structure of neuromuscular junction

A
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41
Q

Neurotransmitter cycle

A
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42
Q

Neurotransmitter cycle: Synthesis

A
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43
Q

Neurotransmitter cycle: Transport

A
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44
Q

Neurotransmitter cycle:Storage

A
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45
Q

Neurotransmitter cycle: Release

A
46
Q

Neurotransmitter cycle: Inactivation

A
47
Q

Names of excitatory neurotransmitters

A
48
Q

Names of inhibitory neurotransmitters

A
49
Q

What is a reflex

A
50
Q

Neural components of the reflex arc

A
51
Q

Understand what sensory, motor, interneuron etc means.

A
52
Q

What does the Muscle Spindle sense and innervations to and from

A
53
Q

What does the Golgi Tendon sense and innervations to and from

A
54
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

SKELETAL MUSCLE IS THE EXTRAFUSAL FIBERS. THE INTRAFUSAL FIBERS ARE THE RECEPTORS AND HAVE NO ROLE IN THE FUNCTION OF THE MUSCLE (CONTRACTION)

55
Q

Extrafusal Fibers

A
56
Q

Intrafusal Fibers

A
57
Q

Myotatic reflex: Knee jerk. why is it down on the knee and not other muscles

A
58
Q

Structure of Muscle

A
59
Q

Properties of Muscle

A
60
Q

Organization of sarcomere

A
61
Q

Structure of thick and thin filaments

A
62
Q

T Tubules

A
63
Q

Triad

A
64
Q

SR (

A
65
Q

Slow twitch fibers

A
66
Q

Fast twitch fibers

A
67
Q

Muscle Synapse and its structures

A
68
Q

Action potential in neurons : Muscle contraction

A
69
Q

Steps of Action potential

A
70
Q

Motor Unit

A
71
Q

Motor neuron pool

A
72
Q

Summations

A
73
Q

Temporal Summation

A
74
Q

Spatial Summation

A
75
Q

Sequence of events at NMJ during an action potential

A
76
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A
77
Q

The 3 phases of a twitch

A
78
Q

Cross bridge cycle/sliding filament theory – 5 steps

A
79
Q

Rigor Mortis

A
80
Q

Know the difference of a twitch, Fused and unfused tetany

A
81
Q

Fused tetany

A
82
Q

Unfused tetany

A
83
Q

Twitch

A
84
Q

Energy source for muscle ATP

A
85
Q

Isometric contraction

A
86
Q

Isotonic contraction

A
87
Q

Termination of contraction in skeletal muscle

A
88
Q

Main difference of smooth from skeletal muscle

A
89
Q

Difference of smooth muscle from cardiac and skeletal

A
  1. Rate of rise of the action potential in smooth muscle is lower because Ca2+ channels open more slowly than do Na+ channels in skeletal and cardiac muscle.
  2. Repolarization of the smooth muscle cell is also relatively slow. Two explanations may be offered for this slower repolarization. First, voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, which are responsible for the depolarization phase of the action potential, inactivate slowly. Second, the repolarization phase of the action potential reflects the delayed activation of voltage-gated K+ channels and, in some cases, Ca2+-activated K+ channels.
  3. They do not contain t tubules, and their sarcoplasmic reticulum is poorly developed
  4. These cells rely primarily on the transmembrane diffusion of Ca2+ ions from the extracellular fluid to induce the actin-myosin interactions responsible for contraction
  5. In many smooth muscle cells the sarcoplasmic reticulum is poorly developed, and extracellular Ca2+ influx plays the principal role in initiating the contractile process. Even though smooth muscle cells have no T tubules, this Ca2+ influx is achieved, on membrane depolarization, through activation of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels located in shallow depressions of the membrane (caveolae)
  6. In skeletal and cardiac muscle, cross-bridge cycling relies primarily on the Ca2+-induced removal of the tropomyosin block of the actin-binding site. In smooth muscle, cycling relies on a Ca2+-induced increase in the ATPase activity of the myosin head, another slow process.
90
Q

What happens if an excitatory/inhibitory interneuron synapses with a LMN

A
91
Q

What does OP poisoning do

A
92
Q

What happens in myasthenia

A
93
Q

What happens if there is loss of myelination?

A
94
Q

Function of Cerebellum

A

equilibrium, coordination, appropriate adjustment

95
Q

Layers of cells : Cerebellum

A
96
Q

Input and output fibers: Cerebellum

A
97
Q

Cerebellum tracts

A
98
Q

Diseases related to cerebellum

A
99
Q

Local Spinal circuit

A
100
Q

Types of movement

A

voluntary and involuntary, muscles involved, UMN and LMN)

101
Q

Hierarchical organization of control of movement

A
102
Q

Motor system hierarchy

A
103
Q

Spinal reflex circuit, flexor reflex

A
104
Q

Brainstem Motor pathways

A
105
Q

Characteristics of extrapyramidal system (reticulo, tecto, rubro and vestibuo spinal tract)

A
106
Q

Corticospinal tract (origin, decussation, end, lateral and ventral tract, lesions)

A
107
Q

Premotor cortex

A
108
Q

Supplementary motor cortex

A
109
Q

Basal Ganglia

A
110
Q

Sensory perceptions

A

Physiology 2 (14 decks)

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