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Physiology 2 > Neurons, Action Potential and Synapses > Flashcards

Neurons, Action Potential and Synapses Flashcards

1
Q

Anterograde Movement

A

Proteins synthesized in the “secretory pathway” are packaged by budding off in membrane-enclosed vesicles from the golgi.

The Vesicles and mitochondria are carried down the axon on microtubule “tracks” by kinesin motors that are energized by ATP

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2
Q

Retrograde Movement

A

Vesicles now move in reverse, carried by Dynein motors, which also split ATP and Move along microtubule “tracks”

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3
Q

Fast anterograde

A
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4
Q

Fast retrograde

A
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5
Q

Slow Anterograde

A
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6
Q

Glial cell

A

Non Neuronal

Main types of CNS glial cells are:
Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Microglia

Main types of PNS glial cells are:
Satellite cells
Schwann cells
Enteric glial cells

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7
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

synthesize myelin in CNS

form myelin sheaths of CNS axons

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8
Q

Astrocytes

A
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9
Q

Microglia

A
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10
Q

Schwann cells

A

Form myelin sheaths of PNS axons

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11
Q

3 Functions of Neurons

A

Reception
Conduction
Transmission

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12
Q

Action Potential flow

A
  1. Synaptic terminals: Brings signals from other neurons
  2. Dendrites: receive signals from other neurons.
  3. The cell body: integrates signals; coordinates metabolic activities
  4. The action potential starts between the cell body and axon.
  5. The axon transmits action potential.
    6.The myelin sheath makes the signal travel faster
    7:Synaptic terminals transmit signals
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13
Q

Generation of Action Potential

A
  1. Action potential reaches pre-synaptic terminal leading to neurotransmitter release
  2. Released neurotransmitter binds to post-synaptic receptors leading to post-synaptic potentials
  3. Integration of post-synaptic potentials at initial segment of axon triggers action potential if threshold is exceeded
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14
Q

Resting Potential

A

3 sodiums come out
2 potassium comes in

makes inside the cell more negative

-70 membrane potential

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15
Q

Threshold of excitation

A

-55 membrane potential
The neuron must reach the threshold of excitation in order to generate an action potential

All the sodium gated channels open, causing a rush of sodium to come in

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16
Q

Refractory Period

A

Absolute refractory period: Positive membrane potential ( cycle of the action potential)

Relative refractory period : repolarization

Check these

17
Q

Conduction Velocity

A

If unmyelinated, slower
if myelinated, faster as the action potential can jump between the gaps

18
Q

Summation

A

Look at pictures

19
Q

Temporal Summation

A

Concentrated
several impulses from one neuron over time

20
Q

Spatial summation

A

Wide range of stimuli
Impulses from several neurons at the same time

21
Q

Acetylcholine

A

An excititory neurotransmitter
Location: neuron to muscle synapse
Function: Activates muscle

22
Q

Dopamine

A

An excititory neurotransmitter
Location: Mid-brain
Function: Control of movement

23
Q

Epinephrine

A

A neurotransmitter
Location: Sympathetic system
Function: stress response ( fight or flight)

24
Q

Serotonin

A

A neurotransmitter
Location: Midbrain, pons, medulla
Function: sleep, mood

25
Q

Endorphins

A

A neurotransmitter
Location: Brain, Spine
Function: mood, pain reduction

26
Q

Modulation of Functions of the Brain

A

Spatially focused or
WIdely Divergent

27
Q

Spatially Focused

A
28
Q

Widely Divergent

A
29
Q

Types of Action
(that will be on the exam)

A

Fast transmission
Slow Transmission

30
Q

Fast transmission

A

=>1msec
Examples: Acetylcholine (nicotinic)
Amino Acids

31
Q

Slow Transmission

A

between 1 msec to 1 sec
Examples: Acetylcholine (muscarinic)
Catecholamines

32
Q

Electrical and Chemical Synapse

A
33
Q

Electrical Signals at Synapse

A

Electrical signals :
Due to changes in permeability and altering flow of charged particles

changes in permeability are due to changing the number of open membrane channels

34
Q

Ionic Channels

A

Non-gated ion channels or leak channels
- always open
-specific for a particular ion

Gated Ion channels
- open only by stimulus
-voltage–gated, ligand-gated, stress-gated

Ion pumps
- needs ATP
-maintain ion gradients

35
Q

Graded Potentials

A

Occur in dendrites/cell body
Small, localized change in membrane potential (graded potential)
- change of only a few mV
- opening of chemically-gated or physically-gated ion channels
-travels only a short distance (few mm)

36
Q

Release of neurotransmitters

A
  1. neurotransmitter is packaged into vesicles
  2. Action potential arrives at axon terminal
  3. Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open and Ca2+ enters the axon terminal
  4. Ca2+ entry causes synaptic vesicles to release neurotransmitter
  5. Neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific receptors on postsynaptic membrane
  6. Binding of neurotransmitter opens ion channels, resulting in graded potentials
  7. neurotransmitter effects are terminated by reuptake through transport proteins, enzymatic degradation, or diffusion away from the synapse

Physiology 2 (14 decks)

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