Respiratory muscles- anatomy, action and function

Question 1

movements of the thoracic cage

Answer 1

inspiration- increase in AP diameter- 1-7 ribs elevate carrying sternum with it
transverse diameter- ribs 6-12- rib elevate, the shaft moving upwards and outwards, increase in vertical diameter- diaphragm descends

Question 2

muscle groups involved in respiration

Answer 2

muscles of the phalanx and larynx, muscles of the rib cage/ thoracic spine and neck, muscle of the abdominal wall ,and lumbar spine

Question 3

pharynx and larynx

Answer 3

pathways of air and food (during swallowing the phalanx can only manage food- closes of airway, epiglottis is a lid type thing that shuts over larynx during swallowing to prevent aspiration- phalangeal muscle prevents collapse of upper airway by creating negative pressure during inspiration

Question 4

role of muscles of rib cage

Answer 4

increase thoracic dimensions during inspiration, supports thoracic cage, intercostal muscles prevent any recession or bulging of the intercostal spaces, inhibit the lungs natural tendency to collapse

Question 5

the diaphragm

Answer 5

primary muscle that is active during inspiration, unpeated dome shaped skeletal muscles located in trunk, separates thoracic and abdominal cavities

Question 6

what is the zone of apposition

Answer 6

the area of attachment between diaphragm and rib cage- controlled by abdominal muscles- affects movements

Question 7

diaphragm- 3 peripheral attachments

Answer 7

lumbar vertebrae and medial/ lateral arcuate ligaments, CC of ribs 7-10 (attach directly to ribs 11-12), xiphoid process of the sternum,
attaches anteriorly to Xiphoid (T8-9), to posterior attachment- median arcuate lig, crosses anterior to aorta at vertebral level T12

Question 8

diaphragm- central tendon

Answer 8

all of these join central tendons the pericardium is attached to middle part of central tendon

Question 9

what passes through the diaphragm

Answer 9

oesophagus and vagus nerve pass through muscular part of diaphragm- just left to midline at T10, aorta passes through posterior attachment T12

Question 10

Diaphragm innervation

Answer 10

phrenic nerve C3,C4,C5, fibres can reduce in length by up to 40%

Question 11

functions of diaphragm

Answer 11

helps with core stability, helps during active contractions- within labour, help to urinate, helps to be sick- forced heaving motion

Question 12

external intercostal- attachment and action

Answer 12

attach to inferior margin of rib above and superior margin of rib below
action- active during inspiration, stabilize chest wall allowing diaphragm action to create pressure change- ribs move superiorly

Question 13

internal intercostal- attachments and action

Answer 13

attach at lateral edge of costal groove of rib above and superior margin of rib below- deep to external
action- active during expiration, moves ribs inferiorly

Question 14

innermost intercostal muscles- attachment and action

Answer 14

attach at the inferior margin and internal surfaces of CC of 2-6 ribs and inferior aspect of eep surface of body of sternum, xiphoid process, and CC ribs 4-7
action- act within internal intercostal muscles

Question 15

accessory muscles- sternocleidomastoid- attachments

Answer 15

sternal head- from upper part of anterior surface of manubrium, insertion- lateral 1 half superior nuchal line, clavicular head- superior surface medial 1/3 clavicle to lateral surface of mastoid process

Question 16

accessory muscles- sternocleidomastoid- action

Answer 16

tilt head to shoulder of some side, rotates head to turn to opposite side, active together to push head forward, involved in accessory movements of respiration

Question 17

accessory muscles- scaleni

Answer 17

anterior, middle, posterior
originate- from TP C2-7 and insert into upper surfaces of ribs 1 and 2,
action- elevate first and second ribs

Question 18

accessory muscles- serratus anterior

Answer 18

lateral surface of upper 8-9 ribs and deep fascia overlying, inserts into medial border of scapula, help support increase in need for breathing

Question 19

accessory muscles- pectoralis major

Answer 19

medial half of clavicle and anterior surface of sternum, first 7 CC and aponeurosis of external oblique, inserts- lateral lip of intertubercle sulcus, action- activation to help with breathing

Question 20

accessory muscles- quadratus lumborum

Answer 20

TP L5, iliolumbar lig, iliac crest, inserts into TP L1-4, and inferior border ribs 12
action- depresses and stabilize rib 12, lateral bending of trunk, allows deep inspiration

Question 21

accessory muscles- abdominal muscles, lat dorsi

Answer 21

used during forced expiration

Question 22

muscles of inspiration

Answer 22

diaphragm, external intercostal muscles, serratus posterior superior

Question 23

serratus posterior superior- origin and insertion

Answer 23

origin- lower portion of ligamentum nuchae, SP C7-T3, and supraspinatus lig, insert on upper border of ribs 2-5

Question 24

respiratory distress- inspiration

Answer 24

sternocleidomastoid, scaleni, SA, pec major and minor, lat dorsi

Question 25

muscles of forced expiration

Answer 25

intercostal muscles, transverse thoracic, subcostals, serratus posterior inferior, abdominal muscles, lat dorsi, QL

Question 26

muscles of forced expiration- transverse thoracic

Answer 26

from inferior margin and internal surfaces of CC of 2-6 ribs to inferior aspect of deep surface of sternum body, xiphoid processes, CC 4-7
function- depresses cc

Question 27

muscles of forced expiration- subcostals

Answer 27

from internal surface of lower ribs to internal surface to 2-3 ribs below, function is to depress the ribs

Question 28

muscles of forced expiration- serratus posterior inferior

Answer 28

from SP T11-L3 and supraspinous lig, and inserts into lower border ribs 9-12