muscles of cervical spine

Question 1

segments of cervical spine

Answer 1

upper cervical spine (sub occipital reigion)- C0-C1 atlantoccpital joint and C1-2 atlantoaxial joint
lower cervical spine- C3-7

Question 2

Movements of cervical spine

Answer 2

nodding and protraction and retraction- C0,C1, flexion/extension- C0-C1- to20°and C3-7 to 80°flex, 60° ext
side flexion- C0-C1 to 80° and C3-7 to 20° (40° each side)
rotation- C1-2 to 15° each side and C3-7 to 70-90°

Question 3

muscle producing movements

Answer 3

superficial muscles- prime movers, movement and head orientation
deep muscles- stability and proprioception

Question 4

muscle producing movements in upper cervical spine- flexion and extension

Answer 4

flexion- sternocleidomastoid, long captious and short muscles between atlas and occiput
extension- small post-vertebral muscles

Question 5

muscle producing movements in upper cervical spine- lateral flexion and rotation

Answer 5

lateral flex- small sub-occipital muscles,

rotation- sub-occipital muscles, sternocleidomastoid, trapezius

Question 6

sternocleidomastoid and function

Answer 6

long strap like muscles, arises by 2 heads, runs around the side of the neck, close to midline anteriorly, forms triangular boundary of the posterior triangle of neck
function- bilateral flexion, unilateral- ipsilateral side flexion, contralateral rotation, accessory muscle of respiration

Question 7

sternocleidomastoid- attachment

Answer 7

proximal- sternal head- from anterior surface of manubrium sternum and clavicular head- from upper 2/3 surface of medial clavicle
distal- onto lateral 1/3 superior nuclear line of occipital bone and mastoid process of temporal bone
NS- X1th cranial nerve (motor), ventral rami C3 (sensory)

Question 8

long capitus position and flexion

Answer 8

position- anterior, action unilateral Side flex, bilateral flexion

Question 9

recrus caprins lateralis, rectus capitis anterior

Answer 9

both flex neck on head- nodding, side flex ipsilaterally

Question 10

deep neck extensors

Answer 10

run from C1/2- occiput- rectus capitis posterior minor, rectus capitis posterior major, oblique capitis inferior, oblique capitis superior
bilateral extension, unilateral ipsilateral side flex

Question 11

muscles producing movements in the cervical spine- flexion and extension

Answer 11

flexion 70-80° for neck- sternocleidomastoid, longus cole, scalenus anterior, for head and neck- sternocleidomastoid and longus capitis
extension 60°- for neck- levator scapulae, splenius cervicis, for head and neck- trapezius, splenius capitis, erector spine

Question 12

muscles producing movements in the cervical spine- lateral flexion

Answer 12

20-45° muscle of same side initiate, then muscles of opposite side control- scalene- ant, med, post, splenius cervicis, levator scapulae
for head and neck- sternocleidomastoid, splenius capitis, trapezius, erector spine

Question 13

muscles producing movements in the cervical spine- rotation

Answer 13

unilateral- 70-90°in each direction- semispinalis cervicis, scalene anterior, splenius cervicis, for head and neck- sternocleidomastoid, splenius capitis

Question 14

longus coli

Answer 14

3 parts, anterior aspect of cervical spinals on front and sides, upper and thoracic and cervical vertebral bodies
action- bilateral- neck flexors, unilateral- ipsilateral side flexors

Question 15

levator scapulae- proximal and distal attachment and NS

Answer 15

proximal- C1-4 TP, distal- medial border of scapula between the superior angle and medial end of spine of scapula, NS- dorsal scapula nerve C5

Question 16

levator scapulae- action and function

Answer 16

action- elevation of scapula, side flex (ipsilateral) or extension of cervical spine (bilateral)
function- stability of scapula, resists depression when weight in hand

Question 17

splenius cervices

Answer 17

posterior cervical spine into thoracic spine

action- extension cervical spine- bilateral, ipsilateral lateral flexion, unilateral rotation

Question 18

upper trapezius attachment and NS

Answer 18

proximal- medial 1/3 superior nuclear line, external occipital protuberance, ligaments niche, SP C7-T12 and intervening supraspinous lig
distal- posterior border, lateral 1/3 clavicle
NS- accessory nerve, cervical spinal nerve 3-4

Question 19

action upper trapezius

Answer 19

bilateral cervical extension, unilateral- ipsilateral lateral side flexion

Question 20

splenius capitous

Answer 20

head and neck extension and retraction, posterior aspect of cervical spine up to head

Question 21

semispinalis capitis

Answer 21

action- cervical spine extension- bilateral, unilateral- side flex ipsilateral
posterior to point of rotation- works with new and head

Question 22

erector spine function

Answer 22

main function is extension of the neck particularly returning from a flexed position. woking unilaterally will produce cervical side flexion. bilateral neck extension, extends head on neck, unilateral ipsilateral side flexion

Question 23

cervical spine- erector spine attachments

Answer 23

illiocostalis cervicis- T6-T3 costal angles to c4-6 tp
Longissimus cervicis- T5-T1 TP to C6-C2 TP
longisissimus capitis- T5-C4 TP to mastoid process
spinalis cervicis- lower part ligaments niche and C7 to SP C2
spinalis capitus- blends with semispinalis capitus

Question 24

scalene

Answer 24

components of 3 separate muscles often considered as a single unit, scalene anterior and middle- insert onto first rib, scalene posterior- insert onto second rib
action- ipsilateral side flexion, bilateral cervical flexion
accessory muscle of respiration

Question 25

thoracic outlet syndrome

Answer 25

between scalene anterior and middle- the whole of brachial plexus, whole of venous/ arterial supply and return of upper limb exits, so if tension or spasm here it can effect these

Question 26

muscles protracting

Answer 26

upper cervical spine (extension)- semispinalis capitis, longissimus capitis, splenius capitis, suboccipital muscles
lower cervical (flexion)- sternocleidomastoid, anterior/ mid/ post sclane, longus coli

Question 27

muscles retracting

Answer 27

upper (flexion)- longus capitis, rectus capitis anterior

lower (extension)- splenius cervicis, semispinalis cervicis, longissimus cervicis

Question 28

movements of thoracic spine ROM and limiting factor-flexion

Answer 28

70, upper- alar lig, tectorial membrane, lig. niche, posterior Atlanta axial membrane
lower-PLL, lig flavum, interspinous, supra-spinous

Question 29

movements of thoracic spine ROM and limiting factor- extension

Answer 29

upper- lig flavum, Atlanta axial membrane

lower- ALL

Question 30

movements of thoracic spine ROM and limiting factor-rotation

Answer 30

90°- alar lig, lig flavum

Question 31

movements of thoracic spine ROM and limiting factor-side flex

Answer 31

45°, alar lig, lower- intertransverse