respiratory mechanisms

Question 1

respiration has 2 meanings, what are they?

Answer 1

breathing and aerobic metabolism

Question 2

what do lungs bring in?

Answer 2

fresh air rich in oxygen

Question 3

what do lungs expel?

Answer 3

waste CO2

Question 4

what is peripheral circulation?

Answer 4

deoxygenated blood from capillaries to heart

Question 5

what is pulmonary circulation?

Answer 5

deoxygenated blood away from R ventricle to lungs then back to heart as oxygenated blood

Question 6

why is respiratory mechanism important?

Answer 6

understand how lungs work normally and in diseased states

Question 7

what is the route of air flow from external environment to the lungs?

Answer 7

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, Trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli

Question 8

what is the function of the nasal cavity/paranasal sinuses in respiration?

Answer 8

filter, warm and humidify air

Question 9

what is the function of the pharynx in respiration?

Answer 9

conduct air to larynx

Question 10

what is the function of the larynx in respiration?

Answer 10

protect opening of trachea and contains vocal chords and epiglottis

Question 11

what is the function of the trachea in respiration?

Answer 11

filter air, trap particles in mucus, cartilages keep airway open

Question 12

what is the function of the bronchi in respiration?

Answer 12

same as trachea (filter air, trap particles in mucus)

Question 13

what is the function of the bronchi in respiration?

Answer 13

responsible for air movement, include airway and alveoli

Question 14

what is the function of the alveoli in respiration?

Answer 14

site of gas exchange between air and blood

Question 15

what is the function of the upper airway in relation got respiration?

Answer 15

conduct air to lung, humidify, warm, filter

Question 16

the upper airway to bronchioles is lined by which epithelium?

Answer 16

pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar

Question 17

is quiet inspiration active or passive?

Answer 17

active

Question 18

what happens to the thorax during quiet inspiration?

Answer 18

• diaphragm contracts downwards pushing abdominal contents out
• external intercostal muscles (between ribs) pull ribs out and up
• pleural cavity volume increases
• pressure outside exceeds pressure inside so air flows into lungs

Question 19

what happens to the thorax during quiet expiration?

Answer 19

• due to increased volume of thoracic cavity during inspiration, pressure inside increases, exceeding the pressure outside
• air flows out of lungs and diaphragm and external intercostal relax

Question 20

is quiet expiration active or passive?

Answer 20

passive

Question 21

is strenuous inspiration active or passive?

Answer 21

active

Question 22

is strenuous expiration active or passive?

Answer 22

active

Question 23

internal intercostal muscles are only active during which type of respiration?

Answer 23

forced

Question 24

what happens during strenuous inspiration?

Answer 24

• greater contraction of diaphragm and external intercostal

- inspiratory accessory muscles active (alae nasi, sternocleiodomastoid, genioglossus)

Question 25

what happens during strenuous expiration?

Answer 25

- abdominal muscles contract (rectus abdominus, internal oblique, external oblique, traverse abdominus) - internal intercostals oppose external intercostals by pushing ribs down and in

Question 26

what is the major respiratory muscle?

Answer 26

diaphragm

Question 27

how are lung pressure and volume related?

Answer 27

inversely

Question 28

what is intrapulmonary pressure?

Answer 28

pressure within the lungs

Question 29

during inspiration, intrapulmonary pressure is?

Answer 29

less than atmospheric (0)

Question 30

during expiration, intrapulmonary pressure is?

Answer 30

greater than atmospheric

Question 31

what is intrapleural pressure?

Answer 31

pressure within the pleural cavity

Question 32

intrapleural pressure is always?

Answer 32

negative

Question 33

intrapleural pressure is more negative during which, inspiration or expiration?

Answer 33

invitation

Question 34

what is tidal volume?

Answer 34

air vol delivery to lungs

Question 35

tidal volume increases with?

Answer 35

inhalation

Question 36

tidal volume decreases with?

Answer 36

exhalation

Question 37

why is higher intensity breathing less efficient?

Answer 37

gas flow is turbulent and it uses more muscles

Question 38

what is functional residual capacity (FRC)?

Answer 38

vol of air in the lungs at end of expiration during quiet breathing

Question 39

elastic recoil forces of lung have what effect on lung vol?

Answer 39

decreased

Question 40

outwards recoil of chest wall has what effect on lug vol?

Answer 40

increased

Question 41

at FRC, which two forces are opposite and equal?

Answer 41

elastic recoil of lung and outwards recoil of chest wall

Question 42

what happens to RFC when chest wall muscles are weak?

Answer 42

decreases

Question 43

how can lung volumes be measured?

Answer 43

vitalograpgh, spirograoh

Question 44

What is forced vital capacity (FVC)?

Answer 44

amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled from the lungs after taking deepest breath possible

Question 45

what is forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1)?

Answer 45

amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled in 1st second of forced exhalation

Question 46

what is the ratio of FEV1/FVC for a healthy individual?

Answer 46

>70%