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respiratory system 1 > control of breathing > Flashcards

control of breathing Flashcards

1
Q

at rest what is the partial pressure of oxygen?

A

100mmHg

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2
Q

at rest what is the partial pressure of CO2?

A

40mmHg

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3
Q

what is breathing modulated by?

A
  • reflexes (coughing)
  • volitional control (breath hold)
  • vocalisation (singing)
  • physiological challenges (exercise)
  • emotional events (crying)
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4
Q

what is the name of normal rhythmic breathing?

A

eupnea

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5
Q

what is the name for short breath?

A

dyspnea

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6
Q

normal rhythmic breathing is controlled by what?

A
  • respiratory related neutrons
  • central pattern generators
  • respiratory motor neurons
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7
Q

what is the function of respiratory related neutrons (RRN)?

A

fire more APs during respiratory cycle

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8
Q

what is the function of central pattern generators (CPG)?

A

in brainstem (medulla oblongata), independently generate respiratory rhythm

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9
Q

what is the function of respiratory motor neurons?

A

innervate respiratory muscles, axons via phrenic nerve innervate diaphragm

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10
Q

brain receives respiratory neural signals via?

A

chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors

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11
Q

what is the function of chemoreceptors in control of breathing?

A

detect chemical changes - feedback on blood partial pressure of oxygen and CO2 and blood pH

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12
Q

what is the function of mechanoreceptors in control of breathing?

A

provide mechanical feedback on mechanical status of lungs, chest walls and airways

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13
Q

what does the brainstem control?

A
  • upper airway
  • respiration
  • temp
  • HR
  • BP
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14
Q

what is the term for a decrease in oxygen?

A

hypoxia

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15
Q

what is the term for an increase in CO2?

A

hypercapnia

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16
Q

what are peripheral chemoreceptors?

A

small highly vascularised bodies in the region of aortic arch and carotid sinuses

17
Q

chemoreceptors in the aortic arch send info via which nerve?

A

vagus

18
Q

chemoreceptors in the carotid sinuses send info via which nerve?

A

glossopharyngeal

19
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors send info to which region of the brainstem?

A

NTS

20
Q

what are central chemoreceptors?

A

clusters of neurons in the brainstem that are activated when partial pressure of CO2 increases (hypercapnia) or pH decreases

21
Q

what is the effect of reduced partial pressure of oxygen on ventilation ?

A

little effect until PO2 drops to 60mmHg then there is progressive hyperventilation

22
Q

where does hypoxic response originate?

A

carotid and aortic bodies

23
Q

what is the result of increases PCO2 on ventilation?

A

small change in PCO2 has large effect of ventilation (unlike O2)

24
Q

where does hypercapnia response originate?

A

central chemoreceptors

25
Q

in the respiratory system, what do mechanoreceptors detect?

A

movement of lungs and chest wall

26
Q

describe the action of mechanoreceptors in respires to lunch inflation?

A

inflation of lungs activates mechanoreceptors, they send neural signals via the vagus nerve to NTS
NTS then adjusts ventilation accordingly

27
Q

where may mechanoreceptors be found?

A

airway smooth muscle and airway epithelium

28
Q

where does the NTS receive info from?

A

peripheral chemoreceptors and mechaoreceptors

29
Q

information entering the NTS is processed by what?

A

respiratory neurons in the brainstem

30
Q

which neurons activate inspiration?

A

inspiratory neurons

31
Q

which neurons activate expiration?

A

expiratory neurons

32
Q

rhythmic signals are sent to which nerve in the spinal cord?

A

phrenic

33
Q

which nerve carrying rhythmic signals innervates the diaphragm?

A

phrenic

34
Q

where is the dorsal respiratory group and which type of neurons does it contain?

A

in NTS, contains mainly inspiratory neurons

35
Q

where is the ventral respiratory group and which type of neurons does it contain?

A

medulla oblongata in brainstem, both expiratory and inspiratory neurons and motor neurons

36
Q

which respiratory group modulates respiratory output?

A

pontine respiratory group

37
Q

which region of the brain controls voluntary actions which can alter airflow?

A

primary motor cortex

respiratory system 1 (6 decks)

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