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VMCVM Pathology 2 > Respiratory: Lung Disease > Flashcards

Respiratory: Lung Disease Flashcards

1
Q

How would a hypostatically congested lung appear grossly?

A

the hypostatically congest down lungs is diffusely deep red to purple while the opposite lung (up-side) is lighter in color (pink to light red)

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2
Q

What is the number one cause of congestion & edema in the lungs? Name a couple others too.

A
  1. Left-sided heart failure (cardiogenic edema): increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
  2. Excessive fluid transfusion
  3. Brain injury: systemic vasoconstriction (neurogenic edema)
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3
Q

What are the causes of congestion and edema in the lungs?

A
  1. Decreased hydrostatic blood pressure
  2. Increased permeability
  3. Decreased plasma onctotic pressure
  4. Lymphatic obstruction – everyone forgets this one
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4
Q

Name a cause of increased permeability and subsequent congestion and edema of the lungs.

A

Epithelial injury:

  • Toxic Gases
  • Toxic plants (moldy sweet potatoes, purple mint)
  • 100% oxygen
  • Virus infection

Endothelial injury:

  • gram negative septicemia (endotoxins)
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5
Q

Name a cause of decreased plasma oncotic pressure and subsequent edema and congestion of the lungs.

A
  • Hypoalbuminemia and hypoproteinemia as a result of nephrotic syndrome

Anything that causes inflammation of the kidney or impairs liver function.

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6
Q

Name a cause of lymphatic obstruction and subsequent edema and congestion of the lungs.

A
  • Metastatic malignant melanoma
  • Lymphoma
  • Metatstatic hemangiosarcoma (Dog)
  • Neoplastic invasion or compression of lymphatics
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7
Q

What signalment is most prone to Strangles?

A

Young Horses (1-5 years)

Anorexia, fever, mucopurulent nasal discharge

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8
Q

What pre-disposes a horse to Strangles infection?

A
  • Recent group of large horses (show, sales barn, race, etc.)
  • Prior Strangles outbreak on the farm
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9
Q

Pathogenesis of Strangles

A

S. equi equi colonizes nasal mucosa –> mucopurulent rhinitis –> localizes to regional LNs (retropharyngeal and submandibular) –> abscess formation

  • 20% develop Bastard Strangles = metatstatic abscesses to liver, lungs, kidney, brain, joints, mesenteric LNs
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10
Q

What is the causative agent of Kennel Cough in canines?

A

Bordatella bronchiseptica

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11
Q

What are the lesions assocaited with Kennel Cough?

A
  • Coughing exacerbated by exercise
  • Suppurative tracheobronchitis/bronchiolitis
  • +/- 2˚ pneumonia (E. coli, Pseudomonas, Kelbsiella)
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12
Q

Define: thrombosis

A

An irregular clot forming

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13
Q

Define thromboembolism:

A

thrombus forms somewhere and travels elsewhere

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14
Q

Whats more common in the lungs: thrombus or embolism?

A

embolism

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15
Q

What would cause a thrombus in the lungs?

A

Thrombus 2˚ to:

  • parasites
  • hypercoagulation disorders
  • endothelial damage
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16
Q

What is a consequence of pulmonary thrombi or emboli?

A

Lung infarcts:

  • Dual blood supply reduces incidence
  • pre-existing lung disease increases incidence
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17
Q

Describe the lesion associated with lung infarct.

A

Firm, deep red, edges of lung lobe, +/- fibrin

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18
Q

What are the abnormalities of inflation?

A

Atalectasis and Emphysema

19
Q

Describe lesions associated with atalectasis.

A

too little air in the lung:

firm, dark red, usually edges of lung lobe

20
Q

Describe lesion associated with emphysema.

A

crepitus - “bubble wrap” feeling

21
Q

What is the most common cause atalectasis?

A

Obstruction: collapse of all the airways distal to the obstruction and consequential resorption of air leads to collapse.

22
Q

What are causes of atalectasis?

A

Congenital:

  • Fetal - affects entirety of lung

Acquired:

  • Obstructive
    • most common form
  • Compressive
  • Hypostatic
23
Q

Describe cuases of Congenital Atalectasis.

A
  • Fetal - stillborn; no respiration; no lung inflation (ie: never took a breath)
  • Neonatal:
    • Dystocia
      • Fetal Distress - aspiration of amniotic fluid or meconium
      • 2˚ hypoxia –> depressed respiratory centers (in CNS) –> hypoinflation
    • Inadequate production of surfactant
24
Q

Describe lesiosn associated with congenital atalectasis.

A

Deep dark red, but fleshy since never took a breath, therefore never collapsed

25
Q

Describe obstructive atalectasis.

A
  • Inflammatory exudate obstructing bronchioles
    • most common
  • Parasites
  • Neoplastics cells
    • start in lumen and obstruct or adjacent to airways and compress
26
Q

Describe lesions of obstructive atalectasis.

A

Histologic:

  • Inflammation with nø in bronchioles

Gross:

  • Atalectatic lobules depressed
27
Q

Describe compression atalectasis.

A

External compression of the lungs caused by:

  • Excessive accumulation of fluids (hydrothorax), blood (hemothorax), pus (pyothorax), air (pneumothorax), chyle (chylothorax)
  • Space occupying lesions including neoplasms or abscesses
28
Q

In what species does compression atalectasis happen most commonly? Why?

A

Lobulated lung species: Ruminants and Pigs and to a lesser extent horses

Why? –> They lack good collateral ventilation. (absence of pores between air spaces)

29
Q

Describe GROSS appearance of atalectasis.

A
  • One or more lobes or entire lung:
    • Visibly collapse lobe, lobes, or entire lung
    • Deep red to purple
    • Firm to meaty
    • May not float in water
  • Lobule:
    • Atalectatic lobule depressed (collapsed)
    • Deep red to purple
    • More prevalent in regions of lung where alvoeli are smalles and most easily compressed
30
Q

Describe MICROSCOPIC appearance of atalectasis.

A
  • Collapse of alveolar space resulting in alveolar septae being in close appostion without fluid or cells in collapsed spaces.
31
Q

Define emphysema of the lung. What types are there?

A

Permanent excess air accumulation in the lung

  • Alveolar emphysema
    • enzymatic destruction of the alveolar walls results in excessive accumulation of air in the lungs
  • Insterstitial emphysema
    • forced expiration causes bronchiolar collapse resulting in alveolar rupture and leakage of air into interlobular septa
32
Q

What type of emphysema is more prevalent in veterinary medicine?

A

Interstitial emphysema

Cattle (most common), pigs, goats

33
Q

What does alveolar emphysema mean in veterinary medicine?

A

the ante mortem over distension of air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles

34
Q

What species is most prone to Interstitial emphysema?

A

Cattle, then sheep and pigs

35
Q

Can interstitial emphysema and lobular atalectasis occur at the same time?

A

Yes, in cattle, sheep, and pigs

36
Q

Define bronchopneumonia.

A

inflammatory exudate primarily located in bronchi, bronchioles and alveolar spaces

  • Suppurative vs Fibrinous
37
Q

Define interstitial pneumonia.

A

Inflammatory exudate primarily located in the lung intersitium (alveolar septae).

Air spaces relatively free of exudate.

  • Acute vs. Chronic
38
Q

Define pneumonia.

A

Any inflammatory lesion in the lungs (Veterinary Medicine)

39
Q

Define granulomatous pneumonia.

A

Chronic pneumonia characteristically composed of epitheliod MØ and/or multi-nucleate giant cells plus other inflammatory cells

40
Q

What organism(s) can cause suppurative bronchopneumonia?

A
  • Pasteurella mutocida
  • Mycoplasma spp
  • E. coli
  • other G - bacteria
41
Q

What organisms can cause fibrinous bronchopneumonia?

A
  • Manheima hemolytica (cattle)
  • A. pleuopneumonia (pigs)
  • Pasteurella multocida (chicken)
  • E. coli
    • chickens
    • dogs (toxigenic strains)
42
Q

What are the gross features of suppurative bronchopneumonia?

A

Lobular involvement varies:

- sharp line of demarcation

  • checkerboard appearance on cut surface
  • some atalectatic, some obstructed, some suppurative/inflamed
43
Q

What are gross features of fibrinous bronchopneumonia?

A

Majority if lobules or major part of lobe inflamed.

  • Fibrin in air spaces, interlobular septae, and pleural surfaces
  • dilated interlobular sepatae on cut surface because filled with fibrin
44
Q
A

VMCVM Pathology 2 (5 decks)

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