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Clin. Path: Respiratory > Respiratory Lecture > Flashcards

Respiratory Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

What are some common presenting complaints of respiratory pathologies?

A 
Dyspnoea
Hyperventilation Syndrome
Cough
Haemoptysis
Wheezing
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2
Q

What are the 4 causes of Dyspnoea?

A
  1. Increased ventilatory demand
  2. Increased airway resistance
  3. Decreased ventilatory capacity
  4. Decreased pulmonary compliance
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3
Q

What could be some causes of acute dyspnoea?

A 
LHF
Angina
Pneumothorax
Pulmonary Embolism
Asthma/bronchospasm
Hyperventilation disorder
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4
Q

Compare and contrast features of pneumothorax and pulmonary embolism

A

Both:
Abrupt, sharp chest pain
Tachypnea
Spontaneous

Pneumothorax:
Diminished breath sounds and hyper resonance

Pulmonary Embolism:
Tachycardia

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5
Q

What are some Risk Factors of Pneumothorax?

A

Smoking
COPD
Thoracic injury
Marfan’s Syndrome

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6
Q

What are some Risk Factors of Pulmonary Embolism?

A 
DVT
Immobilisation
Pregnancy
Cancer
Family History
OCP/oestrogen-containing drugs
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7
Q

What are the 2 defining features of Asthma?

A

Prolonged expiratory phase

Use of secondary muscles of respiration

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8
Q

Name 2 conditions which are Pulmonary causes of sub-acute dyspnoea and 2 conditions which are Cardio causes of sub-acute dyspnoea ?

A

Pulmonary:
Pneumonia
COPD

Cardio:
Angina
CAD

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9
Q

Compare and Contrast patients with Pneumonia vs. COPD

A 
Pneumonia:
Patients generally look unwell
Fever
Productive cough
Occasional pleuritic chest pain
Areas of lung consolidation on examination
COPD:
Effort on breathing
Cough (may or may not be productive)
Poor air movement
Accessory respiratory muscle use
Areas of hyper resonance on examination
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10
Q

What are some pulmonary causes of chronic dyspnoea?

A
  • Lung disease: Obstructive, Restrictive or Interstitial

- Pleural Effusion

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11
Q

What are some cardiac causes of chronic dyspnoea?

A
  • Heart failure
  • Stable angina
  • CAD
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12
Q

How does anaemia cause dyspnoea?

A

Decreased RBC’s means decreased oxygen molecules in body.

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13
Q

Compare and contrast Obstructive vs. Restrictive Lung Disease

A

Obstructive:
- Increased residual volume in lungs
E.g: COPD, Chronic Bronchitis, Asthma, Bronchiectasis

Restrictive:
- Decreased total capacity of lungs
E.g:
Intrinsic: Pneumonia, Tuberculosis, Sarcoidosis
Extrinsic: Scoliosis, Pleural Effusion, Rib Fracture
Neurological: Myasthenia Gravis, Muscular Dystrophy, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

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14
Q

What are some red flags of cough?

A

Dyspnoea
Haemoptysis
Weight loss
Risk factors for TB or HIV infection

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15
Q

What can acute cough arise from?

A 
Upper respiratory tract infection
Pneumonia
Postnasal drip
COPD 
Pulmonary embolism
Heart failure
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16
Q

What are potential causes of chronic cough?

A
  • Chronic bronchitis
  • GERD
  • Asthma
  • ACE inhibitors ( used for HTN)
17
Q

What are some characteristics of patients with chronic bronchitis?

A
  • History of smoking
  • Productive cough on most days
  • Frequent clearing of the throat
  • Some dyspnoea
18
Q

What are some characteristics of patients with GERD?

A
  • burning chest pain with certain foods, activities or positions
  • cough is nocturnal or early morning
  • sour taste in mouth and have some hoarseness
19
Q

What causes Haemoptysis?

A

Bronchitis
Bronchiectasis
TB
Necrotising pneumonia

20
Q

What are Haemoptysis Red Flags?

A 
Massive haemoptysis (≥600mL in 24 hrs.)
Back pain
Malaise
Weight loss
Fatigue
Extensive smoking history
Dyspnoea at rest 
Absent or decreased breath sounds
21
Q

What are the 3 Sources of Blood?

A

Haemoptysis:
True bleeding from the lungs
Shows frothy sputum and bright red blood

Pseudo-haemoptysis
Bleeding from the nasopharynx
May have bleeding from the nose without coughing or note a post-nasal drip

Haematemesis
Bleeding from the stomach/GI
Has nausea and vomiting with coffee-coloured, black or brown blood

22
Q

What are the 2 most common causes of wheezing?

A

Asthma

COPD

23
Q

Wheezing Red Flags are:

A

Accessory muscle use
Clinical signs of tiring
Decreased level of consciousness
Fixed inspiratory and expiratory wheezing
Swelling of the face and tongue (angioedema)

24
Q

Acute causes of wheezing could be:

A
  • allergic reaction

- heart failure

25
Q

Intermittent/Recurrent causes of wheezing could be:

A
  • asthma

- repeat exposure to irritants

26
Q

Chronic causes of wheezing could be:

A
  • bronchial obstruction

Sudden onset suggests foreign body aspiration
Gradual development suggests tumour or growing lymph node

Clin. Path: Respiratory (5 decks)

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