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RUSVM Microanatomy 1 > Respiratory Learns > Flashcards

Respiratory Learns Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the Respiratory System

A 
Air conduction/ Gas exchange 
Phonation 
Olfaction 
Heat regulation 
Air conditioning 
Protection 
Acid-base regulation 
Hormone conversion
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2
Q

What does the conducting system of the respiratory system do?

A

Bring air in
Cleanses, moistens, and warms air
Trap particulate matter

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3
Q

What kinds of cells can be found in the transitional system of the respiratory tract

A

Club cells
Non-ciliated secretory cells
Only a few ciliated cells
No goblets in bronchioles

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4
Q

What is the pathway of airflow into the lungs?

A

Nasal cavity -> nasopharynx -> larynx -> trachea -> bronchi -> bronchioles -> respiratory bronchioles -> alveolar ducts -> alveolar sacs

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5
Q

What type of epithelium lines the nasal cavity??

A

Pseudostratified cililated columnar with goblet cells

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6
Q

The lamina propria of the nasal cavity contains ________________ glands that are important to olfaction by releasing odorant-binding proteins

A

Tubule-alveolar glands

Mainly serous, some mucous and mixed

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7
Q

The nasal cavity is divided into what three regions?

A

Vestibular region
Respiratory region
Olfactory Region

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8
Q

The vestibular region of the nasal cavity is lined by ___________________ epithelium

A

Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium

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9
Q

The respiratory region of the nasal cavity is lined by _______________ epithelium. This epithelium combined with goblet cells makes up the ___________________

A

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium

Mucocililary apparatus

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10
Q

What are the projections from the lateral wall of the nasal cavity in the respiratory region?

A

Conchae turbinates

Regulates the quality and quantity of inhaled air

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11
Q

What is the purpose of the mucociliary apparatus

A

Movement of cilia removes mucous with trapped particles

Cleansing apparatus of the upper respiratory passages

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12
Q

What do goblet cells produce?

A

Mucinogen granules

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13
Q

Goblet cells are present in the airway down to the level of ____________. In response to injury, goblet cells ______________ and _______________

A

Large bronchioles
Increase number (hyperplasia )
Change from ciliated stratified epithelium to squamous stratified epithelium (metaplasia)

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14
Q

Ciliated epithelial cells are connected by ________ and have claws of. __________

A

Gap junctions

Dynein

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15
Q

The olfactory region of the nasal cavity is lined by what epithelium? What types of cells make up this epithelium?

A

Olfactory epithelium

Olfactory neurons 
Supporting cells (sustentacular cells)
Basal cells (stem cells)
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16
Q

What portion of the nasal cavity are goblet cells absent?

A

Olfactory epithelium

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17
Q

What are swell bodies and where are they located?

A

Swell bodies are venous plexus that are distended with blood. And can be found in the olfactory and respiratory region of the nasal cavity

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18
Q

What is mainly used t detect pheromones and is located between the oral cavity and the nasal cavity

A

Vomero-nasal organ

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19
Q

The larynx is composed of what two types epithelium

A

Stratified squamous epithelium - initial part of the larynx

Pseudostratified cililated columnar epithelium - after the vocal chords

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20
Q

What type of epithelium is present in the trachea?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

21
Q

What is present on the surface of the olfactory epithelium

A

Olfactory hairs and mucous

22
Q

What type of glands can be seen in the lamina propria/submucosa of the trachea?

A

Serous glands

23
Q

What is a distinctive feature of the trachea?

A

Ring of hyaline cartilage

24
Q

What is the region of growth called in hyaline cartilage?

A

Perichondrium

25
Q

The growth plate of hyaline cartilage can be divided into what three regions?

A

1 zone of reserve/ resting cells (isolated chondrocytes)
2 zone of proliferation
3 zone of hypertrophic cells

26
Q

Hyline cartilage can occur in what two ways?

A

Appositional - at the periphery

Interstitial - from within the cartilage

27
Q

What are defining features of the bronchus?

A

Plates of hyaline cartilage
Ciliated columnar epithelium
Smooth muscle around the lamina propria
Mixed bronchial glands beneath the smooth muscle

28
Q

The mixed bronchial glands secrete?

A

Mixed seromucous glands -> mucin, lactoferrin, and lysozyme

29
Q

Bronchi branch into _______

A

Bronchioles

30
Q

What do bronchioles lack in comparison to the bronchi?

A

Cartilage and glands

31
Q

Terminal brochioles are lined by what epithelium?

A

Ciliated cuboidal cells (few to none goblets)

32
Q

Club cells are located where? And what is their purpose?

A

Terminal and respiratory bronchioles (in L.M. Bulge at surface)

Secrete surfactant like substance
Metabolize airborne toxins (may have immune function)

33
Q

Respiratory bronchioles have what type of epithelium??

A

Ciliated cuboidal that flatten distally

34
Q

How do you tell a terminal bronchiole from a respiratory bronchiole in L.M. ?

A

Terminal bronchial is cililated cuboidal epithelium with a complete muscularis mucosae

Respiratory bronchiole has a ciliated cuboidal epithelium that will flatten and a incomplete muscularis mucosae

35
Q

Respiratory bronchioles subdivide into ______________

A

Alveolar ducts

36
Q

The walls of alveolar ducts are made of ________________ epithelium

A

Simple squamous epithelial cells

37
Q

How can you differentiate between an aveolar sac and an alveolar duct

A

Alveolar ducts have smooth muscle at the lip of the alveolus that gives it a knob-like appearance

Alveolar sacs lack smooth muscle

38
Q

Pores connecting alveoli are called?

A

Alveolar pores of Kohn

Provide equalization of pressure and collateral ventilation if a bronchiole is obstructed

39
Q

A machrophage found in the alveolar septum is called?

A

Dust cell

40
Q

What type of cell makes up 95% of the alveolar surface area?

A

Type I pneumocyte aka squamous alveolar type I cell

41
Q

How thick is a regular section of tissue for light microscopy?

A

5um

42
Q

What cells are present in the inter alveolar septum

A 
Continuous capillary 
Endothelial cell 
Erythrocytes 
Pneumocyte I 
Pneumocyte II 
Collagen 
Elastic fibers
43
Q

A type II pneumocyte produces __________ via ____________

A

Surfactant via lamellar bodies

Appears vacuolated under L.M.

44
Q

What is the structure and function of surfactant?

A

Mono-molecular layer of phospholipoprotein

Reduces surface tension and effort needed to inflate alveoli

45
Q

What stimulates the production of surfactant in the fetus just prior to parturition?

A

Cortisol

46
Q

The absence of surfactant in newborns is known as ?

A

hyaline membrane Disease

47
Q

What is the air blood barrier composed of?

A

1 vascular endothelium
2 Basement membrane of the endothelial cell
3 basement membrane of the type I pneumocyte
4 cytoplasm of type 1 pneumocyte

48
Q

The lungs are covered by visercal pleural which is a __________________ epithelium

A

Simple squamous epithelium (mesothelial )

RUSVM Microanatomy 1 (4 decks)

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