Respiratory Learns Flashcards
Functions of the Respiratory System
Air conduction/ Gas exchange Phonation Olfaction Heat regulation Air conditioning Protection Acid-base regulation Hormone conversion
What does the conducting system of the respiratory system do?
Bring air in
Cleanses, moistens, and warms air
Trap particulate matter
What kinds of cells can be found in the transitional system of the respiratory tract
Club cells
Non-ciliated secretory cells
Only a few ciliated cells
No goblets in bronchioles
What is the pathway of airflow into the lungs?
Nasal cavity -> nasopharynx -> larynx -> trachea -> bronchi -> bronchioles -> respiratory bronchioles -> alveolar ducts -> alveolar sacs
What type of epithelium lines the nasal cavity??
Pseudostratified cililated columnar with goblet cells
The lamina propria of the nasal cavity contains ________________ glands that are important to olfaction by releasing odorant-binding proteins
Tubule-alveolar glands
Mainly serous, some mucous and mixed
The nasal cavity is divided into what three regions?
Vestibular region
Respiratory region
Olfactory Region
The vestibular region of the nasal cavity is lined by ___________________ epithelium
Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
The respiratory region of the nasal cavity is lined by _______________ epithelium. This epithelium combined with goblet cells makes up the ___________________
Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium
Mucocililary apparatus
What are the projections from the lateral wall of the nasal cavity in the respiratory region?
Conchae turbinates
Regulates the quality and quantity of inhaled air
What is the purpose of the mucociliary apparatus
Movement of cilia removes mucous with trapped particles
Cleansing apparatus of the upper respiratory passages
What do goblet cells produce?
Mucinogen granules
Goblet cells are present in the airway down to the level of ____________. In response to injury, goblet cells ______________ and _______________
Large bronchioles
Increase number (hyperplasia )
Change from ciliated stratified epithelium to squamous stratified epithelium (metaplasia)
Ciliated epithelial cells are connected by ________ and have claws of. __________
Gap junctions
Dynein
The olfactory region of the nasal cavity is lined by what epithelium? What types of cells make up this epithelium?
Olfactory epithelium
Olfactory neurons Supporting cells (sustentacular cells) Basal cells (stem cells)
What portion of the nasal cavity are goblet cells absent?
Olfactory epithelium
What are swell bodies and where are they located?
Swell bodies are venous plexus that are distended with blood. And can be found in the olfactory and respiratory region of the nasal cavity
What is mainly used t detect pheromones and is located between the oral cavity and the nasal cavity
Vomero-nasal organ
The larynx is composed of what two types epithelium
Stratified squamous epithelium - initial part of the larynx
Pseudostratified cililated columnar epithelium - after the vocal chords
What type of epithelium is present in the trachea?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
What is present on the surface of the olfactory epithelium
Olfactory hairs and mucous
What type of glands can be seen in the lamina propria/submucosa of the trachea?
Serous glands
What is a distinctive feature of the trachea?
Ring of hyaline cartilage
What is the region of growth called in hyaline cartilage?
Perichondrium
The growth plate of hyaline cartilage can be divided into what three regions?
1 zone of reserve/ resting cells (isolated chondrocytes)
2 zone of proliferation
3 zone of hypertrophic cells
Hyline cartilage can occur in what two ways?
Appositional - at the periphery
Interstitial - from within the cartilage
What are defining features of the bronchus?
Plates of hyaline cartilage
Ciliated columnar epithelium
Smooth muscle around the lamina propria
Mixed bronchial glands beneath the smooth muscle
The mixed bronchial glands secrete?
Mixed seromucous glands -> mucin, lactoferrin, and lysozyme
Bronchi branch into _______
Bronchioles
What do bronchioles lack in comparison to the bronchi?
Cartilage and glands
Terminal brochioles are lined by what epithelium?
Ciliated cuboidal cells (few to none goblets)
Club cells are located where? And what is their purpose?
Terminal and respiratory bronchioles (in L.M. Bulge at surface)
Secrete surfactant like substance
Metabolize airborne toxins (may have immune function)
Respiratory bronchioles have what type of epithelium??
Ciliated cuboidal that flatten distally
How do you tell a terminal bronchiole from a respiratory bronchiole in L.M. ?
Terminal bronchial is cililated cuboidal epithelium with a complete muscularis mucosae
Respiratory bronchiole has a ciliated cuboidal epithelium that will flatten and a incomplete muscularis mucosae
Respiratory bronchioles subdivide into ______________
Alveolar ducts
The walls of alveolar ducts are made of ________________ epithelium
Simple squamous epithelial cells
How can you differentiate between an aveolar sac and an alveolar duct
Alveolar ducts have smooth muscle at the lip of the alveolus that gives it a knob-like appearance
Alveolar sacs lack smooth muscle
Pores connecting alveoli are called?
Alveolar pores of Kohn
Provide equalization of pressure and collateral ventilation if a bronchiole is obstructed
A machrophage found in the alveolar septum is called?
Dust cell
What type of cell makes up 95% of the alveolar surface area?
Type I pneumocyte aka squamous alveolar type I cell
How thick is a regular section of tissue for light microscopy?
5um
What cells are present in the inter alveolar septum
Continuous capillary Endothelial cell Erythrocytes Pneumocyte I Pneumocyte II Collagen Elastic fibers
A type II pneumocyte produces __________ via ____________
Surfactant via lamellar bodies
Appears vacuolated under L.M.
What is the structure and function of surfactant?
Mono-molecular layer of phospholipoprotein
Reduces surface tension and effort needed to inflate alveoli
What stimulates the production of surfactant in the fetus just prior to parturition?
Cortisol
The absence of surfactant in newborns is known as ?
hyaline membrane Disease
What is the air blood barrier composed of?
1 vascular endothelium
2 Basement membrane of the endothelial cell
3 basement membrane of the type I pneumocyte
4 cytoplasm of type 1 pneumocyte
The lungs are covered by visercal pleural which is a __________________ epithelium
Simple squamous epithelium (mesothelial )
