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RUSVM Microanatomy 1 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the male reproductive system

A

Production of male sex cells
Production of male sex hormone testosterone
Introduce male gametes to female
Production of PMDH and AMH hormones in male embryo and inhibit in adult

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2
Q

What are the tunica surrounding the testes?

A 
Tunica vaginalus (visceral and parietal)
Tunica albuginea
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3
Q

The tunica vaginalus is composed of _________________ cells

A

Mesothelial

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4
Q

What are the two layers of the tunica vaginalus and what are they connected to?

A

Visceral - surrounding testes and epidiymus

Parietal -attached to CT of scrotum

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5
Q

What is contained within the tunica albuginea?

A

Testes

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6
Q

The tunica albuginea is a capsule of ______________, composed of ____________ and ______________ fibers.

A

Dense CT
Collagen
Elastic

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7
Q

What is the spermatic pathway?

A

Seminiferous tubules -> tubule recti -> rete tesis -> efferent ductules -> epididymal duct -> ductus (vas) deferens -> pelvic urethra -> penile urethra

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8
Q

There are lobules within the testes containing _________________

A

Seminiferous tubules

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9
Q

Seminoma

A

Tumor of the seminiferous cells

Intratubular neoplasic cells with characteristics of seminiferous cells

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10
Q

Sertoli cells are also called ___________

A

Sustentacular cells

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11
Q

Sertoli cells are connected by ______________ and extend from the basement membrane to the __________________ of the seminiferous tubules

A

Tight junctions; lumen (adluminal compartment )

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12
Q

In light microscopy what is the appearance of sertoli cells?

A

Pale and oval nucleus, sometimes triangular in shape.

Indistinct cytoplasm

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13
Q

What are the functions of sertoli cells?

A

Support, protect, and nourish spermatogenic cells
Secrete testicular fluid
Protect spermatids from immune system (via tight junctions)
Hormone production

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14
Q

What receptors are present on the surface of Sertoli cells? What does binding of these receptors cause?

A

Receptors for FSH

Causes the release of androgen binding protein -> binds testosterone and increases the local concentration

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15
Q

What hormones do the sertoli cells produce?

A

Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH)-> in embryo prevents formation of Mullarian duct and oviduct

Inhibin -> suppress FSH secretion from pituitary (negative feedback on pituitary)

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16
Q

Where are Leydig cells found?

A

Between seminiferous tubules

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17
Q

In light microscopy, what is the appearance of leydig cells?

A

Nucleus is small and round, euchromatic eccentic

Cytoplasm is very acidophilic and often foamy due to presence of lipids

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18
Q

Leydig cells secrete ____________

A

Testosterone

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19
Q

What controls the secretion of testosterone from Leydig cells?

A

Interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH)

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20
Q

What are the effects of testosterone?

A

Secondary sex characteristics and libido
Adrogenic effects - development and secretion of sex male accessory glands
Anabolic effect- growth of skeletal muscle and bone

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21
Q

What is the vascular supply of the testes and how does this vascular supply maintain temperature of the testes?

A

Testicular artery and vein

Countercurrent heat exchange

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22
Q

What is the spermatic cord composed of?

A

Testicular artery and vein
Lymphatic
Ductus (vas) deferens

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23
Q

Seminiferous tubules terminate as straight testicular tubules that empty into _____________

A

Rete testes

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24
Q

What are the rete testes lined by?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

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25
Q

What connects the rete testes and the epididymal duct?

A

Efferent ductules

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26
Q

What type of epithelium lines the epididymus?

A

Simple cililated and non ciliated cells

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27
Q

The epididymal duct is lined by what type of epithelium?

A

Pseudostratified epithelium with stereocilia

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28
Q

What is the function of the epididymal duct?

A

Fluid reabsorption and secretion of glycerophosphocholine

Sperm storage

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29
Q

What type of epithelium lines the ductus deferens?

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia

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30
Q

What is a prominent feature of the ductus deferens?

A

Musclaris

Peristaltic contractions that propel spermatozoa

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31
Q

What additional accessory gland do ruminants have and where is it located?

A

Ampula

Near junction in urethra and ductus deferens

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32
Q

What are the accessory male sex glands?

A

Bulbourethral
Prostate
Ampullary
Vesicular (seminal)

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33
Q

Vesicular glands what what type of epithelium?

A

Pseudostratified

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34
Q

What is the purpose of the vesicular gland?

A

Produce fructose which is the source of energy for the sperm cells

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35
Q

What species are vesicular glands not present?

A

Carnivores

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36
Q

What is the structure of the prostate gland?

A

Multiblobed, surrounding the prostatic urethra
Surrounded by a fibroelastic capsule
Branched tubuloalveolar gland

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37
Q

What type of epithelium lines the prostate gland?

A

Simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium

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38
Q

What are the prostatic concentrations can be seen within the lumen of the urethra?

A

Corpora amylacea

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39
Q

The bulbourethral gland empties into _____________

A

Pelvic urethra

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40
Q

What type of epithelium is in the bulbourethral gland?

A

Tall simple cuboidal/columnar epithelium

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41
Q

What does the bulbourethral gland produce?

A

Mucous secretion - lubricant

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42
Q

What are the three portions of the male urethra?

A

Prostatic, pelvic, and penile

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43
Q

What type of epithelium makes up most of the length of the male urethra?

A

Transitional epithelium

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44
Q

What are the masses of erectile tissue found in the penis?

A

Corpora cavernosa

Corpus spongiosum - surrounding the urethra

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45
Q

What type of muscle is urethra muscle?

A

Skeletal muscle

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46
Q

What are the layers of the ovary cortex?

A

Epithelium
Tunica albuginea
Cortex

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47
Q

What kind of epithelium is found on ovary cortex

A

Low cuboidal epithelium

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48
Q

What is the tunica albuginea?

A

Layer of CT

Beneath epithelial layer

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49
Q

The cortex of the ovary contains _________ in different stages of development

A

Follicles

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50
Q

What is the progression of follicular development?

A

Primordial germ cell -> primordial follicle -> early follicle -> primary follicle -> secondary follicle -> graafin follicle -> ovulation -> corpus leuteum -> corpus albicans

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51
Q

Follicular development is called______________

A

Folliculogenesis

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52
Q

What structure contains an oocyte surrounded by specialized epithelial cells

A

Ovarian follicle

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53
Q

Primordial follicle contains a ______________ oocyte

A

Primary

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54
Q

The primordial follicle contains a primary oocyte enclosed by __________________ ___________ follicular cells

A

Simple squamous

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55
Q

Primary follicles are enclosed by a _____________ ________________ layer of follicular cells

A

Simple cuboidal

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56
Q

A _________________ follicle has a primary oocyte enclosed by several layers of follicular cells

A

Secondary

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57
Q

Follicular cells are also called ____________

A

Granulosa cells

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58
Q

What follicles contain a primary oocyte?

A

Primordial follicle, primary follicle, and secondary follicle

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59
Q

What is the zona pellucida?

A

Glycoproteins layer

Between the oocyte and granulosa cells

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60
Q

Granulosa cells contain ________ receptors

A

FSH

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61
Q

What is the morphology of theca cells in light microscopy?

A

Large, pale staining, spindle shaped cells, with steroid producing/metabolizing cells

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62
Q

What is the structure of a tertiary follicle?

A

Larger follicle with small liquid areas (antrum) between granulosa cells

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63
Q

Fluid in an antrum is called ___________

A

Liquor folliculi

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64
Q

The follicular cells surrounding oocyte in a tertiary follicle is called ____________

A

Corona radiata

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65
Q

The corona radiata and oocyte sits on granulosa cells called _____________

A

Cumulus oophorus

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66
Q

Graafian follicle

A

Oocyte detaches from the cumulus oophorus and floats free in follicular fluid
Follicular cells acquire LH receptors required for development of corpus luteum

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67
Q

Follicular atresia

A

Degeneration of follicles (can occur at any stage of development)

Basal lamina of granulosa cells becomes hyalinized (glassy membrane)

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68
Q

Describe the process of follicular atresia

A

Basal lamina of granulosa cells become hyalinized (glassy membrane)
Theca interna cells blend back into stroma (may persist as interstitial endocrine cells in queen, bitch, and rodent)

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69
Q

What occurs in the follicle following ovulation.

A

Blood flows not antrum and ruptured follicle becomes corpus hemorrhagicum

Capillaries from the stroma invade the collapsed follicle and convert it to a temporary endocrine organ called corpus luteum

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70
Q

What is leutenization?

A

Granulosa cells and theca cells transform into luteal cells (hypertrophy and hyperplasia)

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71
Q

Granulosa lutein cells produce ______________ and ______________ in response to FSH and LH

A

Estrogen and progesterone

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72
Q

Theca lutein cells produce ___________ in response to LH

A

Progesterone

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73
Q

Following the corpus luteum, if ovulation does not occur, what is formed?

A

Corpus albicans

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74
Q

Corpus albicans

A

White body

Involution of corpus leuteum -> fibrous scar

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75
Q

The oviduct is derived from ?

A

Mullarian ducts

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76
Q

What are the functions of the oviduct?

A

Receive ovum -> very active during ovulation, ovum picked up by fimbriae and directed toward oviduct
Cilia assist in transport
Favorable microenvironment for fertilization
Transport zygote to uterus for implantation

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77
Q

What kind of epithelium does the oviduct have?

A

Simple columnar/pseudostratified with motile cilia on most cells

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78
Q

What are the layers of the oviduct?

A

Epithelium
Tunica muscularis (inner circular and outer longitudinal layer)
Serosa - vascular and nervous layer between the two muscle layers

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79
Q

What are the functions of the uterus?

A

Provide a sterile environment for the development of concepts
Exchange of nutrients and trophic factors via placental attachments
Muscles of the uterus contribute to the release and birth

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80
Q

What are the layers of the uterus?

A

Endometrium, myometrium, stratum vascular, myometrium, and perimetrium

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81
Q

Endometrium is divided into what two zones?

A 
Basal zone (B)
Functional zone (F)
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82
Q

What is the difference between the functional and basal zones of the uterus?

A

Functional zone is the superficial layers that will degenerate after pregnancy/estrus

Basal zone is the layer that remains after pregnancy/ estrus

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83
Q

Describe the uterine glands within the endometrium

A

Simple coiled, breached, or tubular glands

Simple columnar glandular epithelium (secretory and non-secretory cells)

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84
Q

What is the stratum vascular and where is if found in the female reproductive system?

A

Layer of blood vessels and nerves that lies between the myometrium (circular and longitudinal) layers of the uterus

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85
Q

What are the two parts of the cervix?

A

Endocervix and Exocervix

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86
Q

What is the function of the cervix?

A

Seal that prevents organisms or substances from entering cranial vagina
Holds conception products within the uterus until birth

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87
Q

What type of epithelium is found within the endocervix?

A

Simple columnar with mucous secreting cells

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88
Q

What are the components of the endocervix?

A

Epithelium
Tubular cervical glands (small ruminants)
Propria-submucosa with CT and blood vessels
Muscularis externa - inner circular and outer longitudinal s.m.
Serosa - loose CT lined by mesothelium

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89
Q

Ectocervix is lined by ____________

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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90
Q

What are the layers of the vagina?

A

Mucosa, muscularis, and serosa(cranial)/ adventitia(caudal)

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91
Q

The mucousa layer of the vagina contains many folds called _________ separated by channels of variable depth

A

Rugae

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92
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the vagina?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium with patches of simple columnar epithelium and mucus producing cells

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93
Q

What is found in the propria-submucosa of the vagina?

A

CT and lymphoid follicles

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94
Q

What are the cyclical stages of the vaginal epithelium?

A

Proestrus - early and late
Estrus
Diestrus
Anestrus

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95
Q

What types of cells can be found in early proestrus?

A

All types of epithelial cells as well as erythrocytes and neutrophils

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96
Q

What types of cells can be seen in late proestrus?

A

Lower neutrophils, intermediate and superficial cells dominate

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97
Q

What types of cells can be seen in estrus?

A

Superficial/keratinized cells (almost all); many are anucleate

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98
Q

What type of cells can be seen in diestrus?

A

Decreased number of superficial cells
Increased number of intermediate and parabasal cells
Increased number of neutrophils and some erythrocytes

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99
Q

What types of cells can be seen in anestrus?

A

Parabasal and intermediate cells

Some neutrophils and bacteria

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100
Q

What is gray matter predominately made up of? Where is it found in the spinal cord and where is it found in the cerebrum?

A

Rich in cell bodies

Spinal cord - central
Cerebrum- peripheral (cortex)

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101
Q

What is predominately found in white matter? Where is it found in the spinal cord and in the cerebrum?

A

Myelinated axons

Spinal cord-peripheral
Cerebrum- central

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102
Q

The components of the CNS that are of ectodermal origin are?

A

Neurons
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocyte

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103
Q

What components of the CNS are of mesodermal origin?

A

Microglia

Vascular endothelium

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104
Q

Describe the soma of a neuron

A

Euchromatic nucleus with prominent nucleolus
Basophilic cytoplasm, sometimes granules due to Nissil substance and RER ribosomes

Lipofusin -long lived cell

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105
Q

What part of a neuron received stimuli at a synapse?

A

Dendrite

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106
Q

What part of a neuron transmits signals to another neuron/organ?

A

Axon

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107
Q

Define
Axoplasm
Axolemma
Telodendron

A

Cytoplasm of axon
Membrane of axon
Synapse location

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108
Q

A synapse that goes to a cell body is called __________

A

Axosomatic

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109
Q

A synapse that goes to a dendrite is called _______________

A

Axodendritic

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110
Q

A synapse that goes to an axon hillock is called _______________

A

Axoaxonic

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111
Q

Name two free nerve endings and what do they sense?

A

Nociceptors -pain

Thermoreceptors - temperature

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112
Q

A pacinian corpuscle senses what?

A

Mechanoreceptor
Deep pressure

(Onion like appearance)

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113
Q

The golgi organ senses? Where is it located?

A

Proprioception / stretching

Where skeletal muscle fibers insert into the tendon

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114
Q

What does a muscle spindle receptor detect?

A

Muscle stretch and sense of position

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115
Q

What are neuroglia?

A

Supporting cells within the brain

Include: astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, and microglia

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116
Q

Where are astrocytes found?

A

CNS

Protoplasmic -gray matter
Fibrillation -white matter

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117
Q

What is the function of astrocytes

A

Nutrient transport
Maintain ECM
Neurotransmitter uptake
Antigen presentation

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118
Q

What is the appearance of oligodendrocytes?

A

Small dark nuclei (found between myelin sheaths and around neurons)

119
Q

What is the function of oligodendrocytes?

A

Develop and maintain myelin in CNS

120
Q

What is a microglia cell?

A

Resident macrophage of the CNS

Activated during necrosis/inflammation

121
Q

What is the appearance of a microglia cell when activated?

A

Smallest cell with dark elongated nuclei

Cytoplasmic vacuolation due to ingestion of cellular debris

122
Q

What is the appearance of ependymal cells? Where are they located?

A

Ciliated cuboidal cells

Neural canal, ventricles, and choroid plexus

123
Q

What cells form myelin in the CNS and PNS?

A 
Oligodendrocytes (CNS) 
Schwaan cells (PNS)
124
Q

What is the function of myelin?

A

Conduction and speed of impulses

125
Q

Gray matter in cerebrum arises from ______________

A

Prosencephalon

126
Q

Elevations of the cerebrum are _____________; depressions of the cerebrum are _____________

A

Gyri; sulci

127
Q

Tissue surrounding neurons within the cerebrum is called ________

A

Neuropil

128
Q

What are the layers of the cerebellum gray matter?

A

Molecular - basket cells
Ganglionic (Purkinje cell layer)
Granular

129
Q

Elevations of the cerebellum parenchyma are called ___________

A

Folia

130
Q

The fetal cerebellum has an additional layer, what is it and what does it do?

A

Cortical lamina ->populates the internal granular layer during early postnatal development

131
Q

Collections of neurons in the brainstem are called?

A

Nuclei

132
Q

What important areas are found within the brainstem?

A

Medulla and pons
Thalamus -integration center
Hypothalamus - principal control center for hypophysis

133
Q

What are the meningeal layers, superficial to deep?

A

Dura matter
Arachnoid matter
Pia matter

134
Q

The space between he pia matter and arachnoid matter is called ___________ and contains _________

A

Subarachnoid space; CSF

135
Q

What are the horns of the gray matter in the spinal cord?

A

Dorsal horn
Intermediate
Ventral horn

136
Q

What is found within the dorsal horn of the spinal cord?

A

Sensory neurons and glia

137
Q

What is found in the intermediate grey matter of the spinal cord?

A

Autonomic neurons

138
Q

What is found in the ventral horns of the spinal cord?

A

Motor neurons and glia

139
Q

The lobes of the white matter in the spinal cord is called _____________

A

Dorsal/lateral/ventral funiculi

140
Q

Multipolar motor neurons can be found in the ___________ horn of the spinal cord and leave through he ____________________

A

Ventral; ventral roots

141
Q

Funicular neurons

A

Travel in dorsal funicles
Sensitive, afferent neurons with long axon which create the ascending tracts of spinal cord. Funicular neurons of the dorsal horn whose axons join the tracts of funiculi, thus forming most of the white matter of spinal cord

142
Q

Associating neurons

A

Aka interneurons

Small nerves with short axons
Nerves do not leave gray matter/spinal cord

143
Q

Autonomic neurons

A

Small nerve cells bodies in lateral horns

144
Q

Where are the motor (efferent) tracts located within the spinal cord?

A 
Ventral funiculi 
Lateral funiculi (pyramidal tracts)
145
Q

Where are the sensory (afferent) pathways located within the spinal cord?

A

Dorsal and lateral funiculi

146
Q

What type of cells line the central canal of the spinal column?

A

Ependymal cells

147
Q

Pachymenix

A

Dura mater

148
Q

Leptomenix

A

Arachnoid and pia mater

149
Q

The arachnoid matter is attached to the _________ matter

A

Dura

150
Q

What is the function of CSF and where is it produced?

A

Formed by capillaries and ependymal cells, the choroid plexus of lateral, 3rd, and 4th ventricles of the brain

Nourishes CNS, acts like cushion

151
Q

What is the choroid plexus?

A

Cluster of arborizing blood vessels covered by thin CT and ependymal cells

152
Q

Nerve fibers are surrounded by _____________; nerve fascicles are surrounded by ____________; nerves are surrounded by _____________

A

Endoneurium; perineurium; epineurium

153
Q

The cells present in a nerve are ….

A

Endothelial, fibroblast, and schwaan

154
Q

The cells of a ganglion are..

A

Neuron, neuroglial cells, schwaan cell, endothelial cell

155
Q

Ganglion are ?

A

Clusters of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS

156
Q

Myenteric plexus

A

Between the inner and outer longitudinal layers of the tunica muscularis of the GI tract

Autonomic ganglion involved in integration of responses->peristaltic movement

157
Q

What are the functions of the endocrine system

A

Growth and development
Internal environment
Energy production, storage, and utilization
Reproduction

158
Q

What can hormones be made up of?

A

Proteins
Amino acids
Steroids

159
Q

how to hormones travel around the body?

A

Through the bloodstream

160
Q

What is the portion of the brain that links the nervous system to the endocrine system

A

Hypothalamus

161
Q

What are the two parts of the pituitary gland?

A

Posterior pituitary - neurohypophysis

Anterior pituitary - adenohyophysis

162
Q

The posterior pituitary is also called the

A

Neurohypophysis

163
Q

The anterior pituitary is also called the

A

Adenohypophysis

164
Q

The pituitary gland develops from protrusions of the __________________ and the _________________

A 
Oral epithelium (hypophyseal pouch)
Neuroectoderm (neurohypophyseal pouch)
165
Q

What are the 3 portions of the neurohypophysis?

A

Pars nervosa, infundibular stalk, and eminentia mediana

166
Q

How are hormones transported to the posterior pituitary and what causes their release?

A

Hormones are axonally transported and stored in the neurohypophysis and released into blood to target distant sites

167
Q

What hormones are released from the posterior pituitary?

A 
Antidiuretic homone (ADH) 
Oxytocin
168
Q

What are Herring bodies

A

Swellings along these axons where hormones are accumulated (neurohypophysis)

169
Q

What are pituicytes

A

Support cells

170
Q

ADH is made in the _____________ of the hypothalamus, and oxytocin is made in the ______________ of the hypothalamus

A

Supraoptic nucleus

Paraventricular nucleus

171
Q

ADH is released in response to ? And causes ?

A

High blood osmosity

Retention of water in the kidney

172
Q

What is oxytocin for?

A

Mammary milk letdown

173
Q

What are the parts of the adenohypophysis

A

Pars distalis
Pars intermedia
Pars tuberalis

174
Q

What kinds of cells are found in the pars distalis?

A

Chromophils (acidophils and basophils)

Chromophobes

175
Q

What hormones are released from acidophils in the pars distalis?

A

Somatotropes- growth hormone

Mamotropes- prolactin

176
Q

What hormones are released from basophils in the pars distali?

A

Tyrotropes- thyrotropin (TSH)
Gonadotropes - FSH and LH
Adrenocorticotropes - adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)

177
Q

What is the process to stimulate hormone release from hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary

A

Hypothalamic neuron produce releasing hormones into the portal vessels which travel to the adenohypophysis (pars distalis) to stimulate acidophils/basophils release of a second hormone

178
Q

Where is the pars intermedia located and what is released from it?

A

Located at the interface between pars distalis and pars nervosa at interglandular cleft
Secretes- melanocyte stimulating hormone

179
Q

What is the main function of the pineal gland?

A

Regulation of daily rhythms of bodily activity

180
Q

What are the secretory cells of the pineal gland and what do they secrete?

A

Pinealocytes
Melatonin
(Respond to light stimuli in retina)

181
Q

Melatonin

A

Mainly secreted at night
Involved in signaling time of day or time of year
Antioxidant and immune-enhancing and oncostatic properties
Seasonal reproduction

182
Q

Brown clusters sometimes seen in the pineal gland called corpora arenacea is also known as

A

Brain sand

Calcification -increases with age

183
Q

What is the structure of a thyroid gland in light microscopy?

A

Follicles made up of cuboidal cells. Lining the inside of the follicles are follicular epithelium, cells between follicles are parafollicular epithelium.

Within the follicle is a eosinophilic colloid substance

184
Q

The cells lining the thyroid gland follicles produce ___________ which is stored in the ____________ _____________

A

Thryroglobulin; follicle lumen

185
Q

What hormone regulates formation of T3/T4 from thryroglobulin?

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone

186
Q

What is the function of parafollicular cells?

A

(Also known as “C” or clear cells)
Secrete calcitonin in response to high blood calcium
Target kidney and bone to lower calcium serum levels

187
Q

The parathyroid is involved in regulation of _______ by releasing _____________ hormone

A

Ca; Parathyroid

188
Q

The cells of the parathyroid are called?

A

Chief cells

189
Q

What does the cortex and medulla of the adrenal gland arise from?

A

Cortex-mesoderm

Medulla- neural crest

190
Q

What are the zones of the cortex?

A

Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasiculata
Zona recticularis

191
Q

The zona glomerulosa secretes ?

A

Mineralocorticoids - aldosterone

192
Q

The zona fasiculata secretes ?

A

Glucocorticoids - cortisol

Cells become more arranged in a column

193
Q

The zona recticularis secretes

A

Androgens

Foamy appearance of steroid secreting cells; higher number of capillaries

194
Q

The adrenal medulla contains ________________ cells that are _______________ in shape

A

Chromaffin cell; cuboidal to columnar

195
Q

What is released from the adrenal medulla?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

196
Q

What are the functional endocrine units of the pancreas?

A

Islets of Langerhans

197
Q

The islets of langerhans have different cells types which secrete different products, what are they?

A

Alpha-glucagon
Beta-insulin
Delta-somatostatin
Other- gastric

198
Q

The main endocrine function of the pancreas is?

A

Regulation of blood glucose levels

199
Q

What are some of the hormones released by the GI tract?

A

Gastric
Cholecystokinin - gall bladder contraction
Secretin and gastric inhibitory polypeptide

200
Q

What are the two hormones released by the kidney and what are their function?

A

Renin- functions in RAAS for control of blood pressure

Erythropoietin -functions to control erythropoeisis

201
Q

What hormone is released from the heart in response to atrial stretch and what are its effect?

A

Atrial natiurtic peptide (ANP)

Na and water loss from distal convoluted tubule (lower blood volume)

202
Q

What are the components of the external ear

A

Auricle or pinna - elastic cartilage
External ear canal/ auditory meatus
Tympanic membrane (eardrum)

203
Q

What glands in the ear produce earwax?

A

Ceruminous glands

204
Q

What type of glands are ceruminous glands

A

Simple coiled tubular apocrine glands

205
Q

What types of epithelium covers the tympanic membrane?

A

Externally- stratified squamous epithelium

Internally- simple squamous

206
Q

What are the auditory ossicles?

A

Malleus, incus, and stapes

207
Q

What extends from the middle ear to the pharynx

A

Eustachian/pharyngotympanic tube (equilization of pressure)

208
Q

In the horse, there is an expansion of the eustachian tube

A

Guttural pouch

209
Q

What are the two labyrinths of the inner ear

A

Bony labyrinth

Membranous labyrinth

210
Q

The bony labyrinth contains ?

A

Vestibule
Semicircular canals
Cochlea

211
Q

What are the three spaces in the cochlea

A

Scalia vestibule
Chochlear duct
Scalia tympani

212
Q

The cochlear duct contains

A

Endolymph and the organ of corti

213
Q

What is the pathway of sound?

A

Tympanic membrane -> malleus, incus, and stapes -> vestibular window -> Scalia vestibule -> helicotrema ->. Scalia tympani -> defects cochlear duct and stimulates spiral organ (organ of Corti)

214
Q

The organ of corti contains what 3 cells

A

Hair cells - stereocilia
Phalangeal cells - support
Pillar cells - move by sound wave every and displace hair cells against tectorial membrane

215
Q

What does the atria vascularis produce?

A

Endolymph

216
Q

Resonance

A

Tendency of a system to oscillate at maximum amplitude at a frequency

217
Q

Where along eh basically membrane in the cochlea are high frequency sounds detected

A

Base

218
Q

Where along the basilar membrane in the cochlea are low-frequency sounds detected

A

Apex

219
Q

What are the components of the vestibular apparatus

A

Utricle
Saccule
Semicircular ducts

220
Q

What portion of the vestibular apparatus detects the position of the head and linear movement

A

Macula utriculi

Macula sacculi

221
Q

What portion of the head detects angular acceleration

A

Crista ampularis (semicircular ducts)

222
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A

Transport of water, solute, and formed elements
Temperature regulation
Water balance

223
Q

Normally, the blood is ____% plasma and ____% formed elements

A

60% : 40%

224
Q

What is the difference between plasma and serum?

A

Plasma is found in vasculature and has all of its proteins

Serum lacks coagulation proteins

225
Q

How do we measure the number of formed elements of blood?

A

Complete blood count (CBC)

226
Q

What is the function of erythrocytes and what is their shape?

A

Carry O2 to tissue and CO2 to lungs
Acid-base hemostasis

Biconcave disc with flexible membrane

227
Q

What is the range of lifespan for a RBC?

A

60-170days

228
Q

How does the caprine, cervid, and camelid erythrocytes differ from each other/ common RBC?

A

Caprine- Spherical and irregular shape
Cervid-discoid, drepanocyte form after O2 exposure
Camelid- elliptical, flat, thin(respond to water volume)

229
Q

What animals have nucleated RBC, WBC, and thrombocytes?

A

Bird, reptile, amphibian, and fish

230
Q

What are polychromatophils?

A

A RBC that is one step back in development
Slightly larger than a RBC
Amphophilic (lavender)

231
Q

What is a metarubricyte

A

Nucleated RBC
If need in a blood smear – pathological!
Similar look to lymphocyte but more condensed nucleus and more cytoplasm

232
Q

What are leukocytes? And their function?

A

WBC

Immune repose and inflammation

233
Q

What are myeloid leukocytes?

A

Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil
Monocytes

234
Q

What are lymphoid leukocytes?

A

Lymphocytes - T and B cells

235
Q

What is the appearance of a neutrophil in a blood smear?

A

Nucleus is segmented with dense violet chromatin

236
Q

What is a band neutrophil?

A

One stage back in development

Nucleus lacks clear segmentation

237
Q

What is the function of monocytes?

A

Phagocytosis
Antigen presentation
Iron storage and recycling

238
Q

What is the mononuclear phagocytic system?

A

Circulating monocytes
Tissue macrophages
Phagocytic cells with single nucleus in both the blood and in tissue

239
Q

What is the appearance of monocytes in a blood smear?

A

Nucleus - round to indented, dense and clumped
Cytoplasm- scant blue

Reactive lymphocyte: rich blue cytoplasm and paranuclear clear zone

Large granular lymphocyte: red magenta granules usually grouped toward the indentation of the nucleus

240
Q

What is the appearance of plasma cells in a blood smear?

A

Nucleus: round and eccentric, clumped/ corse chromatin
Cytoplasm: abundant, deep royal blue (basophilic) and prominent paranuclear clear zone

241
Q

How can you tell the difference between a nucleated RBC and a lymphocyte?

A

nRBC has more cytoplasm and really dark chromatin

242
Q

What is the main function of platelets?

A

Primary homeostasis and immune response

243
Q

What is the morphology of platelets?

A

Small discoid fragments
Anucleate
Red-purple in color

244
Q

Thrombocytes are nucleated ______________, found in what species?

A

Platelets

Avian/ reptilian/ amphibian/ fish

245
Q

A stain that attracts positively charged/ basic proteins

A

Eosin

246
Q

A stain that is positively charged, attracting negatively charged/ acidic proteins

A

New methylene blue

247
Q

Bone marrow is _________________ derived tissue

A

Mesenchymal

248
Q

What type of marrow produces all blood cells

A

Red bone marrow

249
Q

As an individual ages, red bone marrow is replaced by what?

A

Yellow marrow

250
Q

What are the components of bone marrow?

A

Sinusoids
Stromal cells
Stem cells and precursor cells
Macrophages

251
Q

What is the stroma of bone marrow?

A

Support structure of the bone marrow (CT network)

252
Q

What cells make up the stroma of the bone marrow?

A

Mesenchymal cells

Recticular cells and fibers

253
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Process where specialized cellular precursors develop into highly differentiate cels of peripheral blood

254
Q

What are the postnatal sites of hematopoeisis?

A

Bone marrow
Liver
Spleen

255
Q

What are the last three steps of erythropoesis?

A

Metarubricyte (still has nucleus) -> polychromatophils -> mature RBC

256
Q

What is the process of maturation called for eosinophils, neutrophils, and basophils?

A

Granulopoiesis

257
Q

What are the last three steps of neutrophil maturation?

A

Neutrophilic metamyelocyte -> band neutrophil -> segmented neutrophil

258
Q

What is the process of maturation of a monocytes called?

A

Monopoiesis

259
Q

What are the last three steps of thrombopoesis??

A

Promegakaryocyte -> megakaryocytes -> platelet

260
Q

How can you tell the difference between a megakaryocytes and osteoclasts?

A

Megakaryocytes - multilobed nucleus

Osteoclast - multinucleated that are separate (round and distinct nucleus)

261
Q

B lymphocytes mature where?

A

Bone marrow

Bursa fabricuius - bird

262
Q

Where do T lymphocytes mature?

A

Thymus

263
Q

What are the primary lymphatic organs?

A

Bone marrow
Thymus
Cloaca bursa

264
Q

What are the secondary lymphatic organs

A

Lymph node
Spleen
Mucosal associated lymphoid tissue

265
Q

What is the purpose of the lymphatic system

A

Protect body against pathogenic organisms and their products are to help the removal and disposal of cells undergoing natural/induced degeneration

266
Q

Mononuclear phagocytic system

A

Fixed macrophage - sinusoids of lymph node, liver, spleen and recticulum of bone marrow

Free macrophage - blood, lung, serous cavities

267
Q

What are your agtigen presenting cells?

A

Dendritic
Macrophage
B cells

268
Q

What are the stroma cells of the lymphatic system

A

Reticular cells - support cells

Epithelial reticular cells - release cytokines to increase cell development

269
Q

What is the source for pluripotent stem cells?

A

Bone marrow

270
Q

What is a location of Bcell differentiation in birds

A

Clocal bursa

271
Q

The dark cortex of the cloaca bursa contains what type of cells?

A

Tightly packed lymphocytes (bcells)

272
Q

The medulla of the cloacal bursa contains what cells?

A

Lymphocytes, macrophages, rectiuclar epithelial cells.

273
Q

What are the support cells of the thymus?

A

Reticular network

274
Q

Where do the afferent vessels enter the lymph node

A

Capsule

275
Q

Where do efferent vessels leave the lymph node?

A

The hilus

276
Q

What is in the lymph node medulla

A

Medulla cord

Medulla sinus

277
Q

What is the flow of lymph

A

Afferent vessels > marginal subcapsular sinus > cortical (trabecular) sinus > medullary sinus > efferent

278
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary lymph follicles

A

Primary- darker

Secondary- stimulated with pale center (antigen presentation site)

279
Q

What is the area between lymph node follicles

A

Paracortex / parafollicular

T cells chill here

280
Q

What are the predominate cells in the parafollicular zone of the lymph node

A

T cells

281
Q

What are the predominate cells in the lymph follicle

A

B cells

282
Q

Within the germinal center of the lymph node, what are the three zones ?

A

Basilar dark zone
Apical light zone
Marginal zone

283
Q

The medulla of the lymph nodes are fed by _____________ sinuses

A

Trabecular

284
Q

What returns lymph back to the blood?

A

Thoracic duct

285
Q

What does the spleen do??

A

Filters blood
Recovers stored iron
Immune response with T and B cells
Stores RBC and platelets

286
Q

Splenic structure ???

A

Outer caspsule - dense CT
Capsule - trabecule=collagen, elastic, and smooth muscle
White pulp
Red pulp

287
Q

Red pulp of spleen has all the things?

A

Parenchyma- Macrophage
Blood cells
Venous sinus - long endothelial cells with discontinuous basement membrane

288
Q

What is in the white pulp of the parenchyma?

A

B cells- lymphoid follicle

T cells - around central arterioles

289
Q

What is the splenic blood flow?

A

Central artery > penicilliary arteries > sheathed capillaries > blood enters parenchymal space >sinus system > splenic vein > hepatic portal vein

290
Q

Mucosal associated lymphoid tissue

A

Work locally to protect musical surface

Diffuse lymphoid population in all mucous

291
Q

What are the aggregated lymphatic nodules of the small intestine called?

A

Peyer’s patch

292
Q

What cells are present in the Peyer’s patch?

A

B cells (migrate here for bone marrow)

293
Q

What cells cover the peyer patch domes and what is their function?

A

Mcirofold (M) cells

Pinocytose GI contents and secrete onto lymphocyte and macrophage

294
Q

What are the aggregated lymphatic noodles in the pharynx?

A

Tonsils

Local production of antibodies

RUSVM Microanatomy 1 (4 decks)

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