Exam 3 Flashcards
Functions of the male reproductive system
Production of male sex cells
Production of male sex hormone testosterone
Introduce male gametes to female
Production of PMDH and AMH hormones in male embryo and inhibit in adult
What are the tunica surrounding the testes?
Tunica vaginalus (visceral and parietal) Tunica albuginea
The tunica vaginalus is composed of _________________ cells
Mesothelial
What are the two layers of the tunica vaginalus and what are they connected to?
Visceral - surrounding testes and epidiymus
Parietal -attached to CT of scrotum
What is contained within the tunica albuginea?
Testes
The tunica albuginea is a capsule of ______________, composed of ____________ and ______________ fibers.
Dense CT
Collagen
Elastic
What is the spermatic pathway?
Seminiferous tubules -> tubule recti -> rete tesis -> efferent ductules -> epididymal duct -> ductus (vas) deferens -> pelvic urethra -> penile urethra
There are lobules within the testes containing _________________
Seminiferous tubules
Seminoma
Tumor of the seminiferous cells
Intratubular neoplasic cells with characteristics of seminiferous cells
Sertoli cells are also called ___________
Sustentacular cells
Sertoli cells are connected by ______________ and extend from the basement membrane to the __________________ of the seminiferous tubules
Tight junctions; lumen (adluminal compartment )
In light microscopy what is the appearance of sertoli cells?
Pale and oval nucleus, sometimes triangular in shape.
Indistinct cytoplasm
What are the functions of sertoli cells?
Support, protect, and nourish spermatogenic cells
Secrete testicular fluid
Protect spermatids from immune system (via tight junctions)
Hormone production
What receptors are present on the surface of Sertoli cells? What does binding of these receptors cause?
Receptors for FSH
Causes the release of androgen binding protein -> binds testosterone and increases the local concentration
What hormones do the sertoli cells produce?
Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH)-> in embryo prevents formation of Mullarian duct and oviduct
Inhibin -> suppress FSH secretion from pituitary (negative feedback on pituitary)
Where are Leydig cells found?
Between seminiferous tubules
In light microscopy, what is the appearance of leydig cells?
Nucleus is small and round, euchromatic eccentic
Cytoplasm is very acidophilic and often foamy due to presence of lipids
Leydig cells secrete ____________
Testosterone
What controls the secretion of testosterone from Leydig cells?
Interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH)
What are the effects of testosterone?
Secondary sex characteristics and libido
Adrogenic effects - development and secretion of sex male accessory glands
Anabolic effect- growth of skeletal muscle and bone
What is the vascular supply of the testes and how does this vascular supply maintain temperature of the testes?
Testicular artery and vein
Countercurrent heat exchange
What is the spermatic cord composed of?
Testicular artery and vein
Lymphatic
Ductus (vas) deferens
Seminiferous tubules terminate as straight testicular tubules that empty into _____________
Rete testes
What are the rete testes lined by?
Simple cuboidal epithelium
What connects the rete testes and the epididymal duct?
Efferent ductules
What type of epithelium lines the epididymus?
Simple cililated and non ciliated cells
The epididymal duct is lined by what type of epithelium?
Pseudostratified epithelium with stereocilia
What is the function of the epididymal duct?
Fluid reabsorption and secretion of glycerophosphocholine
Sperm storage
What type of epithelium lines the ductus deferens?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia
What is a prominent feature of the ductus deferens?
Musclaris
Peristaltic contractions that propel spermatozoa
What additional accessory gland do ruminants have and where is it located?
Ampula
Near junction in urethra and ductus deferens
What are the accessory male sex glands?
Bulbourethral
Prostate
Ampullary
Vesicular (seminal)
Vesicular glands what what type of epithelium?
Pseudostratified
What is the purpose of the vesicular gland?
Produce fructose which is the source of energy for the sperm cells
What species are vesicular glands not present?
Carnivores
What is the structure of the prostate gland?
Multiblobed, surrounding the prostatic urethra
Surrounded by a fibroelastic capsule
Branched tubuloalveolar gland
What type of epithelium lines the prostate gland?
Simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium
What are the prostatic concentrations can be seen within the lumen of the urethra?
Corpora amylacea
The bulbourethral gland empties into _____________
Pelvic urethra
What type of epithelium is in the bulbourethral gland?
Tall simple cuboidal/columnar epithelium
What does the bulbourethral gland produce?
Mucous secretion - lubricant
What are the three portions of the male urethra?
Prostatic, pelvic, and penile
What type of epithelium makes up most of the length of the male urethra?
Transitional epithelium
What are the masses of erectile tissue found in the penis?
Corpora cavernosa
Corpus spongiosum - surrounding the urethra
What type of muscle is urethra muscle?
Skeletal muscle
What are the layers of the ovary cortex?
Epithelium
Tunica albuginea
Cortex
What kind of epithelium is found on ovary cortex
Low cuboidal epithelium
What is the tunica albuginea?
Layer of CT
Beneath epithelial layer
The cortex of the ovary contains _________ in different stages of development
Follicles
What is the progression of follicular development?
Primordial germ cell -> primordial follicle -> early follicle -> primary follicle -> secondary follicle -> graafin follicle -> ovulation -> corpus leuteum -> corpus albicans
Follicular development is called______________
Folliculogenesis
What structure contains an oocyte surrounded by specialized epithelial cells
Ovarian follicle
Primordial follicle contains a ______________ oocyte
Primary
The primordial follicle contains a primary oocyte enclosed by __________________ ___________ follicular cells
Simple squamous
Primary follicles are enclosed by a _____________ ________________ layer of follicular cells
Simple cuboidal
A _________________ follicle has a primary oocyte enclosed by several layers of follicular cells
Secondary
Follicular cells are also called ____________
Granulosa cells
What follicles contain a primary oocyte?
Primordial follicle, primary follicle, and secondary follicle
What is the zona pellucida?
Glycoproteins layer
Between the oocyte and granulosa cells
Granulosa cells contain ________ receptors
FSH
What is the morphology of theca cells in light microscopy?
Large, pale staining, spindle shaped cells, with steroid producing/metabolizing cells
What is the structure of a tertiary follicle?
Larger follicle with small liquid areas (antrum) between granulosa cells
Fluid in an antrum is called ___________
Liquor folliculi
The follicular cells surrounding oocyte in a tertiary follicle is called ____________
Corona radiata
The corona radiata and oocyte sits on granulosa cells called _____________
Cumulus oophorus
Graafian follicle
Oocyte detaches from the cumulus oophorus and floats free in follicular fluid
Follicular cells acquire LH receptors required for development of corpus luteum
Follicular atresia
Degeneration of follicles (can occur at any stage of development)
Basal lamina of granulosa cells becomes hyalinized (glassy membrane)
Describe the process of follicular atresia
Basal lamina of granulosa cells become hyalinized (glassy membrane)
Theca interna cells blend back into stroma (may persist as interstitial endocrine cells in queen, bitch, and rodent)
What occurs in the follicle following ovulation.
Blood flows not antrum and ruptured follicle becomes corpus hemorrhagicum
Capillaries from the stroma invade the collapsed follicle and convert it to a temporary endocrine organ called corpus luteum
What is leutenization?
Granulosa cells and theca cells transform into luteal cells (hypertrophy and hyperplasia)
Granulosa lutein cells produce ______________ and ______________ in response to FSH and LH
Estrogen and progesterone
Theca lutein cells produce ___________ in response to LH
Progesterone
Following the corpus luteum, if ovulation does not occur, what is formed?
Corpus albicans
Corpus albicans
White body
Involution of corpus leuteum -> fibrous scar
The oviduct is derived from ?
Mullarian ducts
What are the functions of the oviduct?
Receive ovum -> very active during ovulation, ovum picked up by fimbriae and directed toward oviduct
Cilia assist in transport
Favorable microenvironment for fertilization
Transport zygote to uterus for implantation
What kind of epithelium does the oviduct have?
Simple columnar/pseudostratified with motile cilia on most cells
What are the layers of the oviduct?
Epithelium
Tunica muscularis (inner circular and outer longitudinal layer)
Serosa - vascular and nervous layer between the two muscle layers
What are the functions of the uterus?
Provide a sterile environment for the development of concepts
Exchange of nutrients and trophic factors via placental attachments
Muscles of the uterus contribute to the release and birth
What are the layers of the uterus?
Endometrium, myometrium, stratum vascular, myometrium, and perimetrium
Endometrium is divided into what two zones?
Basal zone (B) Functional zone (F)
What is the difference between the functional and basal zones of the uterus?
Functional zone is the superficial layers that will degenerate after pregnancy/estrus
Basal zone is the layer that remains after pregnancy/ estrus
Describe the uterine glands within the endometrium
Simple coiled, breached, or tubular glands
Simple columnar glandular epithelium (secretory and non-secretory cells)
What is the stratum vascular and where is if found in the female reproductive system?
Layer of blood vessels and nerves that lies between the myometrium (circular and longitudinal) layers of the uterus
What are the two parts of the cervix?
Endocervix and Exocervix
What is the function of the cervix?
Seal that prevents organisms or substances from entering cranial vagina
Holds conception products within the uterus until birth
What type of epithelium is found within the endocervix?
Simple columnar with mucous secreting cells
What are the components of the endocervix?
Epithelium
Tubular cervical glands (small ruminants)
Propria-submucosa with CT and blood vessels
Muscularis externa - inner circular and outer longitudinal s.m.
Serosa - loose CT lined by mesothelium
Ectocervix is lined by ____________
Stratified squamous epithelium
What are the layers of the vagina?
Mucosa, muscularis, and serosa(cranial)/ adventitia(caudal)
The mucousa layer of the vagina contains many folds called _________ separated by channels of variable depth
Rugae
What type of epithelium is found in the vagina?
Stratified squamous epithelium with patches of simple columnar epithelium and mucus producing cells
What is found in the propria-submucosa of the vagina?
CT and lymphoid follicles
What are the cyclical stages of the vaginal epithelium?
Proestrus - early and late
Estrus
Diestrus
Anestrus
What types of cells can be found in early proestrus?
All types of epithelial cells as well as erythrocytes and neutrophils
What types of cells can be seen in late proestrus?
Lower neutrophils, intermediate and superficial cells dominate
What types of cells can be seen in estrus?
Superficial/keratinized cells (almost all); many are anucleate
What type of cells can be seen in diestrus?
Decreased number of superficial cells
Increased number of intermediate and parabasal cells
Increased number of neutrophils and some erythrocytes
What types of cells can be seen in anestrus?
Parabasal and intermediate cells
Some neutrophils and bacteria
What is gray matter predominately made up of? Where is it found in the spinal cord and where is it found in the cerebrum?
Rich in cell bodies
Spinal cord - central
Cerebrum- peripheral (cortex)
What is predominately found in white matter? Where is it found in the spinal cord and in the cerebrum?
Myelinated axons
Spinal cord-peripheral
Cerebrum- central
The components of the CNS that are of ectodermal origin are?
Neurons
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocyte
What components of the CNS are of mesodermal origin?
Microglia
Vascular endothelium
Describe the soma of a neuron
Euchromatic nucleus with prominent nucleolus
Basophilic cytoplasm, sometimes granules due to Nissil substance and RER ribosomes
Lipofusin -long lived cell
What part of a neuron received stimuli at a synapse?
Dendrite
What part of a neuron transmits signals to another neuron/organ?
Axon
Define
Axoplasm
Axolemma
Telodendron
Cytoplasm of axon
Membrane of axon
Synapse location
A synapse that goes to a cell body is called __________
Axosomatic
A synapse that goes to a dendrite is called _______________
Axodendritic
A synapse that goes to an axon hillock is called _______________
Axoaxonic
Name two free nerve endings and what do they sense?
Nociceptors -pain
Thermoreceptors - temperature
A pacinian corpuscle senses what?
Mechanoreceptor
Deep pressure
(Onion like appearance)
The golgi organ senses? Where is it located?
Proprioception / stretching
Where skeletal muscle fibers insert into the tendon
What does a muscle spindle receptor detect?
Muscle stretch and sense of position
What are neuroglia?
Supporting cells within the brain
Include: astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, and microglia
Where are astrocytes found?
CNS
Protoplasmic -gray matter
Fibrillation -white matter
What is the function of astrocytes
Nutrient transport
Maintain ECM
Neurotransmitter uptake
Antigen presentation
What is the appearance of oligodendrocytes?
Small dark nuclei (found between myelin sheaths and around neurons)
What is the function of oligodendrocytes?
Develop and maintain myelin in CNS
What is a microglia cell?
Resident macrophage of the CNS
Activated during necrosis/inflammation
What is the appearance of a microglia cell when activated?
Smallest cell with dark elongated nuclei
Cytoplasmic vacuolation due to ingestion of cellular debris
What is the appearance of ependymal cells? Where are they located?
Ciliated cuboidal cells
Neural canal, ventricles, and choroid plexus
What cells form myelin in the CNS and PNS?
Oligodendrocytes (CNS) Schwaan cells (PNS)
What is the function of myelin?
Conduction and speed of impulses
Gray matter in cerebrum arises from ______________
Prosencephalon
Elevations of the cerebrum are _____________; depressions of the cerebrum are _____________
Gyri; sulci
Tissue surrounding neurons within the cerebrum is called ________
Neuropil
What are the layers of the cerebellum gray matter?
Molecular - basket cells
Ganglionic (Purkinje cell layer)
Granular
Elevations of the cerebellum parenchyma are called ___________
Folia
The fetal cerebellum has an additional layer, what is it and what does it do?
Cortical lamina ->populates the internal granular layer during early postnatal development
Collections of neurons in the brainstem are called?
Nuclei
What important areas are found within the brainstem?
Medulla and pons
Thalamus -integration center
Hypothalamus - principal control center for hypophysis
What are the meningeal layers, superficial to deep?
Dura matter
Arachnoid matter
Pia matter
The space between he pia matter and arachnoid matter is called ___________ and contains _________
Subarachnoid space; CSF
What are the horns of the gray matter in the spinal cord?
Dorsal horn
Intermediate
Ventral horn
What is found within the dorsal horn of the spinal cord?
Sensory neurons and glia
What is found in the intermediate grey matter of the spinal cord?
Autonomic neurons
What is found in the ventral horns of the spinal cord?
Motor neurons and glia
The lobes of the white matter in the spinal cord is called _____________
Dorsal/lateral/ventral funiculi
Multipolar motor neurons can be found in the ___________ horn of the spinal cord and leave through he ____________________
Ventral; ventral roots
Funicular neurons
Travel in dorsal funicles
Sensitive, afferent neurons with long axon which create the ascending tracts of spinal cord. Funicular neurons of the dorsal horn whose axons join the tracts of funiculi, thus forming most of the white matter of spinal cord
Associating neurons
Aka interneurons
Small nerves with short axons
Nerves do not leave gray matter/spinal cord
Autonomic neurons
Small nerve cells bodies in lateral horns
Where are the motor (efferent) tracts located within the spinal cord?
Ventral funiculi Lateral funiculi (pyramidal tracts)
Where are the sensory (afferent) pathways located within the spinal cord?
Dorsal and lateral funiculi
What type of cells line the central canal of the spinal column?
Ependymal cells
Pachymenix
Dura mater
Leptomenix
Arachnoid and pia mater
The arachnoid matter is attached to the _________ matter
Dura
What is the function of CSF and where is it produced?
Formed by capillaries and ependymal cells, the choroid plexus of lateral, 3rd, and 4th ventricles of the brain
Nourishes CNS, acts like cushion
What is the choroid plexus?
Cluster of arborizing blood vessels covered by thin CT and ependymal cells
Nerve fibers are surrounded by _____________; nerve fascicles are surrounded by ____________; nerves are surrounded by _____________
Endoneurium; perineurium; epineurium
The cells present in a nerve are ….
Endothelial, fibroblast, and schwaan
The cells of a ganglion are..
Neuron, neuroglial cells, schwaan cell, endothelial cell
Ganglion are ?
Clusters of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS
Myenteric plexus
Between the inner and outer longitudinal layers of the tunica muscularis of the GI tract
Autonomic ganglion involved in integration of responses->peristaltic movement
What are the functions of the endocrine system
Growth and development
Internal environment
Energy production, storage, and utilization
Reproduction
What can hormones be made up of?
Proteins
Amino acids
Steroids
how to hormones travel around the body?
Through the bloodstream
What is the portion of the brain that links the nervous system to the endocrine system
Hypothalamus
What are the two parts of the pituitary gland?
Posterior pituitary - neurohypophysis
Anterior pituitary - adenohyophysis
The posterior pituitary is also called the
Neurohypophysis
The anterior pituitary is also called the
Adenohypophysis
The pituitary gland develops from protrusions of the __________________ and the _________________
Oral epithelium (hypophyseal pouch) Neuroectoderm (neurohypophyseal pouch)
What are the 3 portions of the neurohypophysis?
Pars nervosa, infundibular stalk, and eminentia mediana
How are hormones transported to the posterior pituitary and what causes their release?
Hormones are axonally transported and stored in the neurohypophysis and released into blood to target distant sites
What hormones are released from the posterior pituitary?
Antidiuretic homone (ADH) Oxytocin
What are Herring bodies
Swellings along these axons where hormones are accumulated (neurohypophysis)
What are pituicytes
Support cells
ADH is made in the _____________ of the hypothalamus, and oxytocin is made in the ______________ of the hypothalamus
Supraoptic nucleus
Paraventricular nucleus
ADH is released in response to ? And causes ?
High blood osmosity
Retention of water in the kidney
What is oxytocin for?
Mammary milk letdown
What are the parts of the adenohypophysis
Pars distalis
Pars intermedia
Pars tuberalis
What kinds of cells are found in the pars distalis?
Chromophils (acidophils and basophils)
Chromophobes
What hormones are released from acidophils in the pars distalis?
Somatotropes- growth hormone
Mamotropes- prolactin
What hormones are released from basophils in the pars distali?
Tyrotropes- thyrotropin (TSH)
Gonadotropes - FSH and LH
Adrenocorticotropes - adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)
What is the process to stimulate hormone release from hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary
Hypothalamic neuron produce releasing hormones into the portal vessels which travel to the adenohypophysis (pars distalis) to stimulate acidophils/basophils release of a second hormone
Where is the pars intermedia located and what is released from it?
Located at the interface between pars distalis and pars nervosa at interglandular cleft
Secretes- melanocyte stimulating hormone
What is the main function of the pineal gland?
Regulation of daily rhythms of bodily activity
What are the secretory cells of the pineal gland and what do they secrete?
Pinealocytes
Melatonin
(Respond to light stimuli in retina)
Melatonin
Mainly secreted at night
Involved in signaling time of day or time of year
Antioxidant and immune-enhancing and oncostatic properties
Seasonal reproduction
Brown clusters sometimes seen in the pineal gland called corpora arenacea is also known as
Brain sand
Calcification -increases with age
What is the structure of a thyroid gland in light microscopy?
Follicles made up of cuboidal cells. Lining the inside of the follicles are follicular epithelium, cells between follicles are parafollicular epithelium.
Within the follicle is a eosinophilic colloid substance
The cells lining the thyroid gland follicles produce ___________ which is stored in the ____________ _____________
Thryroglobulin; follicle lumen
What hormone regulates formation of T3/T4 from thryroglobulin?
Thyroid stimulating hormone
What is the function of parafollicular cells?
(Also known as “C” or clear cells)
Secrete calcitonin in response to high blood calcium
Target kidney and bone to lower calcium serum levels
The parathyroid is involved in regulation of _______ by releasing _____________ hormone
Ca; Parathyroid
The cells of the parathyroid are called?
Chief cells
What does the cortex and medulla of the adrenal gland arise from?
Cortex-mesoderm
Medulla- neural crest
What are the zones of the cortex?
Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasiculata
Zona recticularis
The zona glomerulosa secretes ?
Mineralocorticoids - aldosterone
The zona fasiculata secretes ?
Glucocorticoids - cortisol
Cells become more arranged in a column
The zona recticularis secretes
Androgens
Foamy appearance of steroid secreting cells; higher number of capillaries
The adrenal medulla contains ________________ cells that are _______________ in shape
Chromaffin cell; cuboidal to columnar
What is released from the adrenal medulla?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
What are the functional endocrine units of the pancreas?
Islets of Langerhans
The islets of langerhans have different cells types which secrete different products, what are they?
Alpha-glucagon
Beta-insulin
Delta-somatostatin
Other- gastric
The main endocrine function of the pancreas is?
Regulation of blood glucose levels
What are some of the hormones released by the GI tract?
Gastric
Cholecystokinin - gall bladder contraction
Secretin and gastric inhibitory polypeptide
What are the two hormones released by the kidney and what are their function?
Renin- functions in RAAS for control of blood pressure
Erythropoietin -functions to control erythropoeisis
What hormone is released from the heart in response to atrial stretch and what are its effect?
Atrial natiurtic peptide (ANP)
Na and water loss from distal convoluted tubule (lower blood volume)
What are the components of the external ear
Auricle or pinna - elastic cartilage
External ear canal/ auditory meatus
Tympanic membrane (eardrum)
What glands in the ear produce earwax?
Ceruminous glands
What type of glands are ceruminous glands
Simple coiled tubular apocrine glands
What types of epithelium covers the tympanic membrane?
Externally- stratified squamous epithelium
Internally- simple squamous
What are the auditory ossicles?
Malleus, incus, and stapes
What extends from the middle ear to the pharynx
Eustachian/pharyngotympanic tube (equilization of pressure)
In the horse, there is an expansion of the eustachian tube
Guttural pouch
What are the two labyrinths of the inner ear
Bony labyrinth
Membranous labyrinth
The bony labyrinth contains ?
Vestibule
Semicircular canals
Cochlea
What are the three spaces in the cochlea
Scalia vestibule
Chochlear duct
Scalia tympani
The cochlear duct contains
Endolymph and the organ of corti
What is the pathway of sound?
Tympanic membrane -> malleus, incus, and stapes -> vestibular window -> Scalia vestibule -> helicotrema ->. Scalia tympani -> defects cochlear duct and stimulates spiral organ (organ of Corti)
The organ of corti contains what 3 cells
Hair cells - stereocilia
Phalangeal cells - support
Pillar cells - move by sound wave every and displace hair cells against tectorial membrane
What does the atria vascularis produce?
Endolymph
Resonance
Tendency of a system to oscillate at maximum amplitude at a frequency
Where along eh basically membrane in the cochlea are high frequency sounds detected
Base
Where along the basilar membrane in the cochlea are low-frequency sounds detected
Apex
What are the components of the vestibular apparatus
Utricle
Saccule
Semicircular ducts
What portion of the vestibular apparatus detects the position of the head and linear movement
Macula utriculi
Macula sacculi
What portion of the head detects angular acceleration
Crista ampularis (semicircular ducts)
What are the functions of blood?
Transport of water, solute, and formed elements
Temperature regulation
Water balance
Normally, the blood is ____% plasma and ____% formed elements
60% : 40%
What is the difference between plasma and serum?
Plasma is found in vasculature and has all of its proteins
Serum lacks coagulation proteins
How do we measure the number of formed elements of blood?
Complete blood count (CBC)
What is the function of erythrocytes and what is their shape?
Carry O2 to tissue and CO2 to lungs
Acid-base hemostasis
Biconcave disc with flexible membrane
What is the range of lifespan for a RBC?
60-170days
How does the caprine, cervid, and camelid erythrocytes differ from each other/ common RBC?
Caprine- Spherical and irregular shape
Cervid-discoid, drepanocyte form after O2 exposure
Camelid- elliptical, flat, thin(respond to water volume)
What animals have nucleated RBC, WBC, and thrombocytes?
Bird, reptile, amphibian, and fish
What are polychromatophils?
A RBC that is one step back in development
Slightly larger than a RBC
Amphophilic (lavender)
What is a metarubricyte
Nucleated RBC
If need in a blood smear – pathological!
Similar look to lymphocyte but more condensed nucleus and more cytoplasm
What are leukocytes? And their function?
WBC
Immune repose and inflammation
What are myeloid leukocytes?
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil
Monocytes
What are lymphoid leukocytes?
Lymphocytes - T and B cells
What is the appearance of a neutrophil in a blood smear?
Nucleus is segmented with dense violet chromatin
What is a band neutrophil?
One stage back in development
Nucleus lacks clear segmentation
What is the function of monocytes?
Phagocytosis
Antigen presentation
Iron storage and recycling
What is the mononuclear phagocytic system?
Circulating monocytes
Tissue macrophages
Phagocytic cells with single nucleus in both the blood and in tissue
What is the appearance of monocytes in a blood smear?
Nucleus - round to indented, dense and clumped
Cytoplasm- scant blue
Reactive lymphocyte: rich blue cytoplasm and paranuclear clear zone
Large granular lymphocyte: red magenta granules usually grouped toward the indentation of the nucleus
What is the appearance of plasma cells in a blood smear?
Nucleus: round and eccentric, clumped/ corse chromatin
Cytoplasm: abundant, deep royal blue (basophilic) and prominent paranuclear clear zone
How can you tell the difference between a nucleated RBC and a lymphocyte?
nRBC has more cytoplasm and really dark chromatin
What is the main function of platelets?
Primary homeostasis and immune response
What is the morphology of platelets?
Small discoid fragments
Anucleate
Red-purple in color
Thrombocytes are nucleated ______________, found in what species?
Platelets
Avian/ reptilian/ amphibian/ fish
A stain that attracts positively charged/ basic proteins
Eosin
A stain that is positively charged, attracting negatively charged/ acidic proteins
New methylene blue
Bone marrow is _________________ derived tissue
Mesenchymal
What type of marrow produces all blood cells
Red bone marrow
As an individual ages, red bone marrow is replaced by what?
Yellow marrow
What are the components of bone marrow?
Sinusoids
Stromal cells
Stem cells and precursor cells
Macrophages
What is the stroma of bone marrow?
Support structure of the bone marrow (CT network)
What cells make up the stroma of the bone marrow?
Mesenchymal cells
Recticular cells and fibers
Hematopoiesis
Process where specialized cellular precursors develop into highly differentiate cels of peripheral blood
What are the postnatal sites of hematopoeisis?
Bone marrow
Liver
Spleen
What are the last three steps of erythropoesis?
Metarubricyte (still has nucleus) -> polychromatophils -> mature RBC
What is the process of maturation called for eosinophils, neutrophils, and basophils?
Granulopoiesis
What are the last three steps of neutrophil maturation?
Neutrophilic metamyelocyte -> band neutrophil -> segmented neutrophil
What is the process of maturation of a monocytes called?
Monopoiesis
What are the last three steps of thrombopoesis??
Promegakaryocyte -> megakaryocytes -> platelet
How can you tell the difference between a megakaryocytes and osteoclasts?
Megakaryocytes - multilobed nucleus
Osteoclast - multinucleated that are separate (round and distinct nucleus)
B lymphocytes mature where?
Bone marrow
Bursa fabricuius - bird
Where do T lymphocytes mature?
Thymus
What are the primary lymphatic organs?
Bone marrow
Thymus
Cloaca bursa
What are the secondary lymphatic organs
Lymph node
Spleen
Mucosal associated lymphoid tissue
What is the purpose of the lymphatic system
Protect body against pathogenic organisms and their products are to help the removal and disposal of cells undergoing natural/induced degeneration
Mononuclear phagocytic system
Fixed macrophage - sinusoids of lymph node, liver, spleen and recticulum of bone marrow
Free macrophage - blood, lung, serous cavities
What are your agtigen presenting cells?
Dendritic
Macrophage
B cells
What are the stroma cells of the lymphatic system
Reticular cells - support cells
Epithelial reticular cells - release cytokines to increase cell development
What is the source for pluripotent stem cells?
Bone marrow
What is a location of Bcell differentiation in birds
Clocal bursa
The dark cortex of the cloaca bursa contains what type of cells?
Tightly packed lymphocytes (bcells)
The medulla of the cloacal bursa contains what cells?
Lymphocytes, macrophages, rectiuclar epithelial cells.
What are the support cells of the thymus?
Reticular network
Where do the afferent vessels enter the lymph node
Capsule
Where do efferent vessels leave the lymph node?
The hilus
What is in the lymph node medulla
Medulla cord
Medulla sinus
What is the flow of lymph
Afferent vessels > marginal subcapsular sinus > cortical (trabecular) sinus > medullary sinus > efferent
What is the difference between primary and secondary lymph follicles
Primary- darker
Secondary- stimulated with pale center (antigen presentation site)
What is the area between lymph node follicles
Paracortex / parafollicular
T cells chill here
What are the predominate cells in the parafollicular zone of the lymph node
T cells
What are the predominate cells in the lymph follicle
B cells
Within the germinal center of the lymph node, what are the three zones ?
Basilar dark zone
Apical light zone
Marginal zone
The medulla of the lymph nodes are fed by _____________ sinuses
Trabecular
What returns lymph back to the blood?
Thoracic duct
What does the spleen do??
Filters blood
Recovers stored iron
Immune response with T and B cells
Stores RBC and platelets
Splenic structure ???
Outer caspsule - dense CT
Capsule - trabecule=collagen, elastic, and smooth muscle
White pulp
Red pulp
Red pulp of spleen has all the things?
Parenchyma- Macrophage
Blood cells
Venous sinus - long endothelial cells with discontinuous basement membrane
What is in the white pulp of the parenchyma?
B cells- lymphoid follicle
T cells - around central arterioles
What is the splenic blood flow?
Central artery > penicilliary arteries > sheathed capillaries > blood enters parenchymal space >sinus system > splenic vein > hepatic portal vein
Mucosal associated lymphoid tissue
Work locally to protect musical surface
Diffuse lymphoid population in all mucous
What are the aggregated lymphatic nodules of the small intestine called?
Peyer’s patch
What cells are present in the Peyer’s patch?
B cells (migrate here for bone marrow)
What cells cover the peyer patch domes and what is their function?
Mcirofold (M) cells
Pinocytose GI contents and secrete onto lymphocyte and macrophage
What are the aggregated lymphatic noodles in the pharynx?
Tonsils
Local production of antibodies
