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Physiology Block 7 > Respiratory Introduction, Struture And Lung Volumes > Flashcards

Respiratory Introduction, Struture And Lung Volumes Flashcards

1
Q

What does the respiratory system consist of

A

All area that air passes through from outside body and lungs

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2
Q

What does the conducting zone consist of

A

Nose, sinus, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

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3
Q

What is the job of the conducting zone

A

Condition the air before it reaches the lungs by warming, cleaning, and humidifying the air with cilia and mucus

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4
Q

What does the respiratory unit consist of

A

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli

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5
Q

Job of the respiratory unit

A

Where gas exchange occurs

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6
Q

What is the main conducting airway

A

Trachea

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7
Q

How does the trachea course as it moves down to the lungs

A

Splits into progressively smaller passages that take air to the alveoli

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8
Q

What is the trachea lined with

A

Mucus producing glands and cilia to further condition air

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9
Q

What are bronchial smooth muscle cells innervated by

A

PNS

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10
Q

What receptors restrict the bronchioles

A

M3 receptors.

It is innervated by PNS

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11
Q

What dilates the bronchioles

A

B2 receptors

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12
Q

What nervous system constricts bronchioles

A

PNS

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13
Q

What nervous system dilates the bronchioles

A

CNS

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14
Q

Respiratory bronchioles to the alveolar sacs

A

Respiratory zone

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15
Q

What is the site of gas exchange

A

Alveoli

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16
Q

Composition of alveoli

A

Thin walled, elastic sacs provide large surface area for diffusion

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17
Q

What provides large surface area for diffusion

A

Alveoli

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18
Q

What do the pulmonary capillaries surround

A

Alveoli

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19
Q

What are the alveoli lined with

A

Surfactant

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20
Q

What is surfactant made by?

****

A

Type II epithelial cells

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21
Q

Distance of gas exchange in the alveoli and pulmonary caps

A

Very short and blood moves very slow

-type I epithelial cell + BM + cap endothelium cell

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22
Q

As the respiratory structure move further and further inward how do they change

A

They become thinner, thinnest being at the alveoli so that gas exchange is easier there

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23
Q

If the lung expands what happens

A

If it expands one place it compresses somewhere else

If alveoli expand, lung interstitum becoem smaller and caps get smaller (higher BP)

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24
Q

Everything that is not the respiratory tree

A

Lung interstitium

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25
Force exerted in one area of the lungs
Is conducted through the rest of the lungs
26
If alveoli become larger, what happens to the interstitium
Becomes smaller
27
Elasticity of the lung interstitium
Very elastic | Will collapse without pressure holding it open
28
What are the lungs covered with
Double membrane called pleura
29
What are the different types of pleura and where are they
- visceral pleura-against the lung - parietal pleural-against chest wall These pleura are physically attached to their places
30
What is the space between the different pleura
Intrapleural space
31
Why is interapleural space important
Filled with fluid and helps reduce friction | -keeps lungs unsalted by keeping them attached to the chest wall
32
Pressure in the pleasurable space
Is ALWAYS negative compared to the atmospheric pressure
33
What happens if the pleural space is not negative compared to the atmospheric space
Lung will collapse
34
What is changing lung volume dependent on
Muscles
35
Inspiration muscles
Diaphragm and external intercostal
36
Contraction of inspiration muscles, are they necessary for normal breathing?
Yes
37
What kind of process is inhalation
Active
38
What does inhalation do
Increases volume of chest
39
Expiration muscles
Internal intercostal and abdominals
40
What kind of process is normal exhalation
Passive
41
What does exhalation do to volume in chest
Decreases
42
Are contraction of expiration muscles necessary for normal breathing?
No. Only need them for forceful exhalation
43
What are volumes and capacities measured by
Spirometry
44
Single measurements of lungs
Volumes
45
Multiple volumes of lungs
Capacities
46
Air moved during normal, quiet breathing
Tidal volume
47
What is a normal tidal volume
0.5L
48
Maximum inhalation above tidal volume
Inspiration reserve volume (IRV)
49
Normal IRV
2L
50
Maximum exhalation below TV
Expiration reserve volume (ERV)
51
What si a normal ERV
1L
52
Volume left after full exhalation (cannot get out mroe no matter what you do.
Residual volume
53
What volume is responsible for keeping the lungs inflated
Residual volume (RV)
54
What is a normal RV (residual volume)
1.3L
55
Volume that can be inhaled and exhaled
Vital capacity (VC) Forced inhalation, forced exhalation
56
Normal VC
3.5L
57
Volume of a full inhalation after a quiet exhalation
Inspiratory capacity (IC)
58
What is a normal IC
2.5L
59
Volume in lung after quiet exhalation
Functional residual capacity (FRC)
60
What is a normal FRC
2.3L
61
Total lung volume
Total lung capacity (TLC)
62
What is a normal TCL
4.8L
63
How does deoxygenated blood leave the RV
Via pulmonary artery
64
Where does blood get oxygenation
In the pulmonary capillary bed adjacent to alveoli
65
Where does oxygenated blood return to the heart
Left atria
66
How does oxygenated blood get to the left atria
Via pulmonary vein
67
How much pressure in the pulmonary system compared to systemic circulation
Low
68
What kind of control in pulmonary blood flow
Local
69
What is the local control of the pulmonary blood flow based on
Oxygen content of alveoli
70
Low oxygen
Hypoxia
71
What does hypoxia do to blood vessels
Vasoconstriction
72
Why is there vasoconstriction in times of low oxygen
Keeps blood from non ventilated alveoli, and keeps physiologic dead space low
73
Other than local control how else is the pulmonary blood flow controlled
Innervated by SNS | Alpha1 (constricts arteries)
74
Why don't you want blood to come to areas that are low oxygen
Because there is no O2 to exchange, therefore no gas exchange would occur and you would take deoxygenated blood back to the heart when it should be oxygenated
75
If total lung volume increased what would happen to the blood pressure in the pulmonary artery
Increase | -alveoli gets big, so caps get small, small caps mean increased BP
76
Volume of inspired air that does not participate in gas exchange
Dead space
77
What is anatomic dead space
Set volume based on conducting zone volume (150ml)
78
What is physiological dead space
Ventilated alveoli that do not participate in gas exchange
79
What is physiological dead space due to
- anatomical dead space | - ventilated alveoli with no blood supply
80
What kind of thing could increase physiological dead space
Embolism
81
What is used to diagnose pulmonary diseases
Forced expiratory volumes
82
What is FEV1
Forced expiratory volume in one second
83
What is FVC
Forced vital capacity | -total volume that can be forcefully exhaled after a full inspiration
84
What is the ratio of FEV1/FVC
Measures lung function - usually about 80% - you exhale about 80% of what you breathe in in one second
85
What are some things about obstructive pulmonary diseases
- something in the way - acute asthma - pulmonary fibrosis (black lung) - THIS CHANGES THE RATIO - FEV1 and FVC are usually lower, but ultimately you know its obstructive because the FEV1/FVC is a changed ratio (usually low)
86
What are some things about restrictive pulmonary disease
- change in lung interstitium - NO CHANGE IN RATIO - numbers are still low, but they just don't change the ratio
87
``` A patient has deep vein thrombosis, after a long car ride he complains of dizziness and shortness of breath. The ER physicians think he has a small pulmonary embolism. If Dx is correct, which of the following values would be increased? A. FEV1 B. Dead space C. FVC D. TLC ```
B. Dead space | -blocked blood supply to alveoli, now ventilating alveoli that have no blood flow
88
A patient has deep vein thrombosis, after a long car ride he complains of dizziness and shortness of breath. Th ER physicians think he has a small pulmonary embolism. If the Dx is correct, what effect would this have on RV afterload
increase | -harder to get blood out
89
A patients family member begins struggling to breath after choking on a piece of vending machine food. Which of the following values would be decreased? PIO2 PaO2 PICO2
PaO2

Physiology Block 7 (10 decks)

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