Regulation Of Breathing And Integrative Functions

Question 1

How are Pa)2 and PCO2 tightly regulated

Answer 1

By the medulla

Question 2

What are the two places in the medulla that tightly regulate PaO2 and PCO2?

Answer 2

Inspiration center

Expirtory center

Question 3

What does the inspiration center in the medulla do

Answer 3

Sets breathing rate by controlling diaphragm

Question 4

What does the expiratory center in the medulla do

Answer 4

Usually inactive, only active when accessory muscles are needed

Question 5

Chemoreceptors

Answer 5

Respond to changes in concentration of CO2, H+, and O2 in blood/CSF

Question 6

Stretch receptors and breathing

Answer 6

Respond to changes in lung air/blood volume and limb movement

Question 7

Higher control and breathing

Answer 7

Conscious control of breathing is possible until you pass out

Question 8

What is the most powerful control of breathing

Answer 8

Central chemo receptors

Question 9

What are the two different kinds of chemoreceptors for breathing

Answer 9

Central and peripheral

Question 10

What do central chemoreceptors respond to

Answer 10

PH and CSF

Question 11

Low pH and central chemoreceptors

Answer 11

Increases breathing rate

Question 12

High pH in central chemoreceptors

Answer 12

Decreases breathing rate

Question 13

What is pH a readout level of in reaching

Answer 13

CO2 levels

Question 14

What receptor is responsible for the drive to breathe?

Answer 14

Central chemoreceptors

Question 15

What metabolites are most responsible for the drive to breathe?

Answer 15

Acid or CO2

Question 16

Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors

Answer 16

Carotid bodies and aortic arch

Question 17

What do peripheral chemoreceptors respond to

Answer 17

Low PaO2 levels

Carotids also sensitive to pH

Question 18

What happens as PaO2 drops

Answer 18

Increased ventilation, also get more increase of ventilation if PaCO2 is high

Question 19

What are the stretch receptors responsible for breathing

Answer 19

Lung receptors
Joint and limb receptors
J receptors

Question 20

What do lung receptors sense

Answer 20

Fullness of lungs, increase expiration duration when high

Question 21

What do joint and limb receptors sense

Answer 21

Increased ventilation when movement is sensed

-sometimes you start breathing faster before you actually exercise

Question 22

What do J receptors sense

Answer 22

Fullness of pulmonary capillaries, cause rapid, shallow breathing

Question 23

What does high pulmonary BP cause?

Answer 23

Shallow, rapid breathing, as dictated by the J receptors

Question 24

Which of the following receptors would be activated during congestive heart failure

Answer 24

J receptors

Question 25

What doe sexercise do to O2 consumption

Answer 25

Increases it

Question 26

What does exercise do to CO2 production

Answer 26

Increases it

Question 27

What does exercise do to ventilation

Answer 27

Increases it

Question 28

What does increased PCO2 levels do as far as pH

Answer 28

Changed into an buffered into bicarbonate whihc decreased pH in CSF, sets off receptors

Question 29

Arterial blood in exercise

Answer 29

-no change in PaO2 (because of ventilation) -no change in PaCO2 (because of ventilation) -no change, or decrease in pH (Helps increase ventilation if necessary)

Question 30

Venous blood during exercise

Answer 30

Increase PVCO2 | Helps drive to breathe

Question 31

Cardiac output during exercise

Answer 31

Increased

Question 32

Pulmonary blood flow during exercise

Answer 32

Increased

Question 33

V/Q ratio in lungs during exercise

Answer 33

More even, usually it is 0.8, but it is closer to 1 during exercise

Question 34

Physiological dead space during exercise

Answer 34

Decreased

Question 35

Pressure in capillaries during exercise

Answer 35

Increased

Question 36

During exercise, Where in the lungs is there an increase of blood flow to that normally doesn't have any

Answer 36

Apex of lungs

Question 37

What happens to heart rate during exercise

Answer 37

Increases

Question 38

What happens to afterload during exercise?

Answer 38

Increased DOUBLE CHECK

Question 39

What happens to preload during exercise?

Answer 39

Decreased DOUBLE CHECK

Question 40

What happens to the preload on the right side of the heart during exercise?

Answer 40

I don't know, check

Question 41

What happens to preload on left side of the heart during exercise?

Answer 41

I don't know, check

Question 42

What happens to the O2 hemoglobin curve during exercise

Answer 42

Shifts to the right - increased P50 - decreased affinity for O2

Question 43

What is high altitude similar to

Answer 43

Hypoxia

Question 44

What happens to alveolar PO2 in high altitude

Answer 44

Decreased

Question 45

What happens to the A-a gradient in high altitude?

Answer 45

Doesn't change. They stay matched at any altitude

Question 46

What happens to ventilation during high altitude change

Answer 46

Increases

Question 47

What happens to PaO2 during high altitude

Answer 47

Decreased

Question 48

What happens to pH during high altitude

Answer 48

Increased | -alkalosis, losing acid

Question 49

What happens to pulmonary resistance at high altitude

Answer 49

Increased

Question 50

What happens to pulmonary arter pressure at high altitude

Answer 50

Increased

Question 51

What happens to the right ventricle after being at high altitude for long time

Answer 51

Hypertrophy

Question 52

What happens to BPG at high altitude

Answer 52

Increased

Question 53

What kind of shift on the hemoglobin curve do you get at high altitude

Answer 53

Right, unloads more O2

Question 54

What happens to P50 at high altitude

Answer 54

Increased

Question 55

What happens to affinity for O2 at high altitude

Answer 55

Decreased

Question 56

What happens in kidneys during high altitude

Answer 56

Makes more RBC