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Physiology Block 7 > Gas Transport And Ventilation-perfusion Matching > Flashcards

Gas Transport And Ventilation-perfusion Matching Flashcards

1
Q

How is oxygen carried in the blood

A
  • dissolved in plasma

- carried by hemoglobin

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2
Q

What is the only O2 that can diffuse in the blood

A

The O2 dissolved in plasma

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3
Q

How much blood is dissolved in plasma

A

Lens than 0.8%

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4
Q

What is O2 dissolved in the plasma dependent on

A

Partial pressure of oxygen

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5
Q

How many O2 molecules on one hemoglobin

A

4

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6
Q

How much of total oxygen is carried by hemoglobin

A

99.2%

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7
Q

What is used as a reservoir to keep dissolved levels high

A

Hemoglobin

-hemoglobin will release O2 to keep plasma cxn high enough for diffusion

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8
Q

What kind of hemoglobin has two alpha and two beta chains

A

Adult hemoglobin

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9
Q

What does each chain of A hemoglobin contain (adult)

A

A heme molecule

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10
Q

What does each heme molecule in adult hemoglobin contain

A

Iron atom which reversibly binds oxygen

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11
Q

What kind of hemoglobin has no O2 affinity

A

Methemoglobin

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12
Q

Iron in methemoglobin

A

Fe2+ is oxidized to Fe3+

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13
Q

What is methemoglobin the result of

A

Some drugs

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14
Q

How can methemoglobin be converted to regular hemoglobin

A

Methemoglobin reductase

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15
Q

This type of hemoglobin has 2 alpha chains and 2 gamma chains

A

Fetal hemoglobin

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16
Q

Which has a higher affinity for oxygen, A hemoglobin or fetal hemoglobin

A

fetal hemoglobin

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17
Q

What kind of hemoglobin causes sickle cell anemia

A

S hemoglobin

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18
Q

What kind of hemoglobin has a reduced O2 affinity

A

S hemoglobin

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19
Q

Where is the mutation in S hemoglobin that causes sickle cell anemia

A

Mutation in the beta chain

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20
Q

How do you measure the amount of O2 bound

A

By measuring its saturation

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21
Q

How do you get the O2 content of the blood

A

Adding SaO2 to amount dissolved in plasma

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22
Q

Where is SaO2 nearly 100%

A

Arterial blood

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23
Q

Where is SaO2 about 75%

A

In venous blood

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24
Q

PaO2 in venous blood

A

40

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25
Hemoglobin dissociation curve shape
Sigmoid
26
What is the sigmoidal shape of the hemoglobin dissociation curve due to
Due to interdependency of chains
27
What does the sigmoidal shape of the hemoglobin dissociation curve allow for
Easy loading and unloading of O2 with narrow changes in PaO2
28
Cooperativity of hemoglobin
Positive cooperativitiy | -binding of first O2 makes successive O2 easier to bind
29
What O2 is most difficult to bind
First one
30
What oxygen molecule is the easiest to bind for hemoglobin
4th
31
What oxygen is hardest for hemoglobin to release
4th, 1st is easiest to release
32
How many binding sites does myoglobin have
1
33
Cooperatively of myoglobin
None
34
Where is myoglobin found
In muscle and used to store O2 delivered by hemoglobin - keeps the O2 in muscle for slow release in low O2 situations - also the reason meat is red
35
Which will bind at a lower PaO2, hemoglobin or myoglobin
Myoglobin
36
What would happen to your SaO2 if you took a drug that increased the amount of methemoglobin
Decrease
37
You play football and have just run a kickoff. You go to the sideline ANS immediately begin breathing O2 from a mask. Will this increase your SaO2
Yes and it is pointless
38
O2 pressure in tissues
40mmHg
39
What is the O2 pressure in the tissue the same as
PVO2
40
O2 pressure and unloading
Unloads one O2 from every hemoglobin
41
O2 pressure in alveolus
Same as PAO2=100mmHg | -loads one O2 onto each hemoglobin
42
What can be changed to augment loading and unloading
Affinity
43
How is affinity measured by
Changing P50 | -whatever pressure of O2 binds 50% of hemoglobin
44
Increased P50 and affinity
Decreased affinity | Easier to unload
45
Decreased P50 and affinity
Increased affinity | Easier to bind, harder to unload
46
What is O2 affinity altered by
- pH and CO2 - temperature - 2,3 BPG
47
Increasing affinity shifts the curve to the _____
Left
48
Left shift of curve and P50
Decreased P50
49
What kind of shift is easier to bind O2
Left
50
Where in the body do you get a left shift
Lungs
51
Decreasing affinity causes the curve to shift to _____
Right
52
Right shift and P50
Increased P50
53
What shift is easier to release O 2
Right
54
What are things that cause a left shift
- decreased P50 - decreased temp - decreased PCO2 - decreased BPG - increased pH
55
Things that cause a right shift
``` Increased P50 Increased temp Increased PCO2 Increased BPG Decreased pH ``` Decreased affinity altogether
56
What shift is an increase in affinity
Left
57
Does hemoglobin have a higher affinity for O2 or CO?
CO
58
What is hemoglobin bound to CO called
Carboxyahemoglobin
59
When does hemoglobin become saturated with CO
At very low PCO levels
60
Binding of CO to hemoglobin
Tightly bound | Once bound, very difficult to release it
61
What does increased CO do to curve
Left shift
62
Which of the following would increase O2 unloading in skeletal muscle during exercise
Increases lactic acid production
63
CO2 production
- at a fairly constant rate | - as overall metabolism changes so does CO2 production
64
Which is more soluble, O2 or CO2
CO2
65
What are the ways in which CO2 is carried
- dissolved in plasma (5%, much more than O2) - bound to hemoglobin (3%) - as bicarbonate (95%)
66
When CO2 is bound to hemoglobin what is it called
Carbaminohemoglobin
67
What increases CO2 affinity
Low O2 levels
68
What is bicarbonate a result of
Carbonic anhydrase in RBCs - causes chloride shift into the cell using Band 3 transporter - trades a bicarbonate for a chloride
69
Where is there a lot of chloride
Deoxygenated blood
70
What is CO2 kinda the same as
pH
71
Where is bicarbonate carried
In blood, not in the RBC
72
Cardiac output of the right heart
Pulmonary blood flow
73
Pressure of pulmonary blood flow
Very low resistance and pressure | -lots of caps
74
Pulmonary blood flow control: SNS
A1 receptor vasoconstriction | B2-BRONCHODILATE
75
Pulmonary blood flow control: PNS
M3 vasodilator and bronchoconstric
76
Pulmonary blood flow and local control
Dependent on O2 in alveoli
77
What does hypoxia do to arterioles
Constricts
78
What does hyperopia do to arterioles
Dilates
79
Ventilation and gravity
Gravity affects lung ventilation and perfusion in a mismatched manner
80
Alveoli at the top of the lung
More stretched, capillaries are compressed, so low perfusion
81
Alveoli at the bottom of the lungs
Receive more blood flow but are compressed by the caps
82
Where would capillary resistance be the highest
Apex of the lung
83
Ratio between ventilation and perfusion is best matched where?
Middle of the lungs
84
What is the normal value of the ratio between the ventilation and perfusion
0.8
85
____ has more air than blood
Top
86
____ has more blood than air
Bottom
87
Where is the ration between ventilation perfusion high
Top
88
Where is the ration between ventilation perfusion low
Bottom
89
A pulmonary emboli would cause
An increase in dead space

Physiology Block 7 (10 decks)

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