Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology Block 7 > Gas Transport And Ventilation-perfusion Matching > Flashcards

Gas Transport And Ventilation-perfusion Matching Flashcards

1
Q

How is oxygen carried in the blood

A
  • dissolved in plasma

- carried by hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the only O2 that can diffuse in the blood

A

The O2 dissolved in plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How much blood is dissolved in plasma

A

Lens than 0.8%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is O2 dissolved in the plasma dependent on

A

Partial pressure of oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How many O2 molecules on one hemoglobin

A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How much of total oxygen is carried by hemoglobin

A

99.2%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is used as a reservoir to keep dissolved levels high

A

Hemoglobin

-hemoglobin will release O2 to keep plasma cxn high enough for diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What kind of hemoglobin has two alpha and two beta chains

A

Adult hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does each chain of A hemoglobin contain (adult)

A

A heme molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does each heme molecule in adult hemoglobin contain

A

Iron atom which reversibly binds oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What kind of hemoglobin has no O2 affinity

A

Methemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Iron in methemoglobin

A

Fe2+ is oxidized to Fe3+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is methemoglobin the result of

A

Some drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How can methemoglobin be converted to regular hemoglobin

A

Methemoglobin reductase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

This type of hemoglobin has 2 alpha chains and 2 gamma chains

A

Fetal hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which has a higher affinity for oxygen, A hemoglobin or fetal hemoglobin

A

fetal hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What kind of hemoglobin causes sickle cell anemia

A

S hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What kind of hemoglobin has a reduced O2 affinity

A

S hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where is the mutation in S hemoglobin that causes sickle cell anemia

A

Mutation in the beta chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How do you measure the amount of O2 bound

A

By measuring its saturation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How do you get the O2 content of the blood

A

Adding SaO2 to amount dissolved in plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where is SaO2 nearly 100%

A

Arterial blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where is SaO2 about 75%

A

In venous blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

PaO2 in venous blood

A

40

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Hemoglobin dissociation curve shape

A

Sigmoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the sigmoidal shape of the hemoglobin dissociation curve due to

A

Due to interdependency of chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What does the sigmoidal shape of the hemoglobin dissociation curve allow for

A

Easy loading and unloading of O2 with narrow changes in PaO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Cooperativity of hemoglobin

A

Positive cooperativitiy

-binding of first O2 makes successive O2 easier to bind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What O2 is most difficult to bind

A

First one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What oxygen molecule is the easiest to bind for hemoglobin

A

4th

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What oxygen is hardest for hemoglobin to release

A

4th, 1st is easiest to release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How many binding sites does myoglobin have

A

1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Cooperatively of myoglobin

A

None

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Where is myoglobin found

A

In muscle and used to store O2 delivered by hemoglobin

  • keeps the O2 in muscle for slow release in low O2 situations
  • also the reason meat is red
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Which will bind at a lower PaO2, hemoglobin or myoglobin

A

Myoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What would happen to your SaO2 if you took a drug that increased the amount of methemoglobin

A

Decrease

37
Q

You play football and have just run a kickoff. You go to the sideline ANS immediately begin breathing O2 from a mask. Will this increase your SaO2

A

Yes and it is pointless

38
Q

O2 pressure in tissues

A

40mmHg

39
Q

What is the O2 pressure in the tissue the same as

A

PVO2

40
Q

O2 pressure and unloading

A

Unloads one O2 from every hemoglobin

41
Q

O2 pressure in alveolus

A

Same as PAO2=100mmHg

-loads one O2 onto each hemoglobin

42
Q

What can be changed to augment loading and unloading

A

Affinity

43
Q

How is affinity measured by

A

Changing P50

-whatever pressure of O2 binds 50% of hemoglobin

44
Q

Increased P50 and affinity

A

Decreased affinity

Easier to unload

45
Q

Decreased P50 and affinity

A

Increased affinity

Easier to bind, harder to unload

46
Q

What is O2 affinity altered by

A
  • pH and CO2
  • temperature
  • 2,3 BPG
47
Q

Increasing affinity shifts the curve to the _____

A

Left

48
Q

Left shift of curve and P50

A

Decreased P50

49
Q

What kind of shift is easier to bind O2

A

Left

50
Q

Where in the body do you get a left shift

A

Lungs

51
Q

Decreasing affinity causes the curve to shift to _____

A

Right

52
Q

Right shift and P50

A

Increased P50

53
Q

What shift is easier to release O 2

A

Right

54
Q

What are things that cause a left shift

A
  • decreased P50
  • decreased temp
  • decreased PCO2
  • decreased BPG
  • increased pH
55
Q

Things that cause a right shift

A 
Increased P50
Increased temp
Increased PCO2
Increased BPG
Decreased pH

Decreased affinity altogether

56
Q

What shift is an increase in affinity

A

Left

57
Q

Does hemoglobin have a higher affinity for O2 or CO?

A

CO

58
Q

What is hemoglobin bound to CO called

A

Carboxyahemoglobin

59
Q

When does hemoglobin become saturated with CO

A

At very low PCO levels

60
Q

Binding of CO to hemoglobin

A

Tightly bound

Once bound, very difficult to release it

61
Q

What does increased CO do to curve

A

Left shift

62
Q

Which of the following would increase O2 unloading in skeletal muscle during exercise

A

Increases lactic acid production

63
Q

CO2 production

A
  • at a fairly constant rate

- as overall metabolism changes so does CO2 production

64
Q

Which is more soluble, O2 or CO2

A

CO2

65
Q

What are the ways in which CO2 is carried

A
  • dissolved in plasma (5%, much more than O2)
  • bound to hemoglobin (3%)
  • as bicarbonate (95%)
66
Q

When CO2 is bound to hemoglobin what is it called

A

Carbaminohemoglobin

67
Q

What increases CO2 affinity

A

Low O2 levels

68
Q

What is bicarbonate a result of

A

Carbonic anhydrase in RBCs

  • causes chloride shift into the cell using Band 3 transporter
  • trades a bicarbonate for a chloride
69
Q

Where is there a lot of chloride

A

Deoxygenated blood

70
Q

What is CO2 kinda the same as

A

pH

71
Q

Where is bicarbonate carried

A

In blood, not in the RBC

72
Q

Cardiac output of the right heart

A

Pulmonary blood flow

73
Q

Pressure of pulmonary blood flow

A

Very low resistance and pressure

-lots of caps

74
Q

Pulmonary blood flow control: SNS

A

A1 receptor vasoconstriction

B2-BRONCHODILATE

75
Q

Pulmonary blood flow control: PNS

A

M3 vasodilator and bronchoconstric

76
Q

Pulmonary blood flow and local control

A

Dependent on O2 in alveoli

77
Q

What does hypoxia do to arterioles

A

Constricts

78
Q

What does hyperopia do to arterioles

A

Dilates

79
Q

Ventilation and gravity

A

Gravity affects lung ventilation and perfusion in a mismatched manner

80
Q

Alveoli at the top of the lung

A

More stretched, capillaries are compressed, so low perfusion

81
Q

Alveoli at the bottom of the lungs

A

Receive more blood flow but are compressed by the caps

82
Q

Where would capillary resistance be the highest

A

Apex of the lung

83
Q

Ratio between ventilation and perfusion is best matched where?

A

Middle of the lungs

84
Q

What is the normal value of the ratio between the ventilation and perfusion

A

0.8

85
Q

____ has more air than blood

A

Top

86
Q

____ has more blood than air

A

Bottom

87
Q

Where is the ration between ventilation perfusion high

A

Top

88
Q

Where is the ration between ventilation perfusion low

A

Bottom

89
Q

A pulmonary emboli would cause

A

An increase in dead space

Physiology Block 7 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions