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Physiology Block 7 > Mechanics Of Breathing And Gas Eschange > Flashcards

Mechanics Of Breathing And Gas Eschange Flashcards

1
Q

What is respiration due to

A

Pressure change in alveoli with respect to atmospheric pressure

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2
Q

Volume and pressure are inversely related

A

Boyles law

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3
Q

What happens when inspiration muscles contrast

A

Increase chest volume

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4
Q

When the chest volume in crease (contraction of inspiration muscles) what happens

A
  • lungs expand due to pleural attachment
  • lowers alveolar pressure
  • air flows in
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5
Q

What does relaxation of the inspiration muscles do

A

Decreases chest volume

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6
Q

What happens there the chest volume decreases (due to relaxation of inspiratory muscles)

A
  • lungs recoil to original size
  • increases alveolar pressure
  • air is expelled
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7
Q

When is alveolar pressure increased

A

After expiration

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8
Q

What always has a negative pressure and is always lower than alveolar pressure

A

Intrapleural pressure

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9
Q

Elasticity of respiratory system

A

Very elastic

  • each piece wants to be in a nonstretched state
  • chest wall wants to expand further than allowed
  • lungs want to collapse
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10
Q

What allows for open links and air movement?

A

That fact that the chest wall wants to expand further than it is allowed and that the lungs want to collapse

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11
Q

How do the interplay of the lungs and chest wall allow for open lungs and air movements

A

Generation of pressure differences compared to outside environment

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12
Q

What is the difference in pressure from the outside environment measured by

A

Intrapleural pressure

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13
Q

What is the pressure holding the lungs open due to pleural attachments

A

Intrapleural pressure

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14
Q

Change in volume per change in pressure

A

Compliance

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15
Q

What gets altered in diseased states

A

Compliance

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16
Q

How is compliance related to elastance

A

Inversely

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17
Q

What is the equilibrium point of compliance?

A

Wher ethe forces are equal and opposite

  • chest wall expansion balanced by lung collapsing
  • equal to FRC
  • will return to this point if energy is removed
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18
Q

If all energy is removed from the system, what point will the system return to

A

FRC

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19
Q

Energy required to maintain FRC

A

None

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20
Q

If the lungs were gone at FRC

A

Chest would expand

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21
Q

If the chest wall was gone at FRC

A

Lungs would collapse

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22
Q

What does emphysema do to FRC

A

Increases it

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23
Q

What is emphysema

A

Loss of elastic fibers

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24
Q

What does emphysema do to compliance

A

Increases, harder to get air out of the lungs

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25
Q

What does fibrosis do to FRC

A

Decrease it

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26
Q

What is fibrosis

A

Lungs lose compliance, cant stretch enough when inhaling

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27
Q

Collapsing force in fibrosis

A

Greater, harder to get air in

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28
Q

Normal exhalation is a process that required no energy. This is due to

A

Lungs collapsing pressure

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29
Q

Surface tension

A

Alveoli are lined with a thin film of water, water attracts other water molecules and makes the alveoli want to collapse

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30
Q

What helps counter surface tension in the alveoli?

A

Surfactant

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31
Q

Where is surfactant made

A

Type II epithelial cells

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32
Q

Surfactant

A

Protein and lipid mixture
Keeps lungs open
Makes inspiration easier

33
Q

What makes inspiration easier

A

Surfactant

34
Q

Surfactant in premature babies

A

It is the last thing to develop in lungs

-can cause respiratory distress of the newborn

35
Q

Reason for changing compliance during breathing

A

Surfactant

36
Q

What allows expiration to occur more rapidly at low volumes

A

Surface tensions

37
Q

What kind of arrangement in airway resistance

A

Similar to blood flow

Parallel and series

38
Q

_______bronchioles reduces air flow

A

Constricting

39
Q

Where is there the fastes air flow

A

In large conducting areas such as the trachea

40
Q

Where is the air flow the slowerst

A

Alveoli, allows air and blood enough time to meet

41
Q

Where is there most control over airway resistance

A

Medium sized bronchioles

42
Q

What constricts the bronchioles

A

PNS

Increases resistance of airways

43
Q

What dilates bronchioles

A

SNS and epinephrine

Decreases airway resistance

44
Q

Where does the bretithng cyle being

A

FRC

45
Q

When the inspiratory muscles contract and the volume of the chest increases, what happens to pressure?

A

Falls below atmospheric pressure, which allows air to enter the lungs

46
Q

Relaxation of the inspiratory muscles causese the chest to return to FRC and does what to pressure

A

Increases above atmospheric, air exits the lungs

47
Q

Forcefully contract the expiration muscles, further reduce the chest volume and expel more air. Large increase in airway and alveolar pressure

A

Forced exhalation

48
Q

What pressure is responsible for keeping the lungs open

A

Intrapleural

49
Q

Between alveolar and atmospheric pressure, which is lower during inspiration

A

Alveolar

50
Q

Between atmospheric and alveolar, which pressure is lower during exhalation

A

Atmopsheric

51
Q

Modification of inhaled air

A
  • heavily modified
  • humidified by sinuses
  • increases water vapor content
  • reduces O2 content
  • mixes with dead space ventilation from last exhalation to increase CO2
52
Q

What does the inhaled air increase with CO2 content

A

Because it mixed with dead space centralization from last exhalation

53
Q

What does the water content increase in inhaled air

A

Because the air is humidified by the sinuses

54
Q

How is exhaled air modified

A

Mixes with inhalant air so it reduces in CO2 composition

55
Q

What would happen to PAO2 if you were at altitude where the partial pressure of oxygen is reduced

A

Decrease. Less O2 outside, less that will get inside

56
Q

Main function of lungs

A

Allow for gas exchange

57
Q

How does transport for gas exchange occur

A

Simple diffusion in alveolus

58
Q

What must happen to gas before it can be transported in blood

A

Dissolved

59
Q

Gas dissolving in blood is dependent upon

A

Partial pressure

60
Q

How are the partial pressure and the cxn gradient related

A

Directly, the higher the partial pressure, the higher the cxn gradient

61
Q

Amount of single gas in a mixture

A

Partial pressure

62
Q

How much O2 is in the air

A

About 20%. 160mmHg

63
Q

Only gas in the _______ can be exchanged

A

Alveoli

Dead space volume is wasted ventilation

64
Q

Air is brought to alveolus with

A

Blood supply

65
Q

Ventilated alveoli with no blood supply

A

Wasted ventilation, you want to try to reduce this as much as possible

66
Q

When O2 diffuses into blood what does it do

A

Saturates hemoglobin

67
Q

What CO2 diffuses out of blood, where does it go

A

Alveolar air

68
Q

Gas particles can me ______ limited or ______ limited

A

Diffusion

Perfusion

69
Q

CO2 is _______ limited

A

ALWAYS perfusion

-much more permeable than O2 but low gradient

70
Q

O2 is ______ limited

A

Usually perfusion

Not as permeable as CO2, but high cxn gradient

71
Q

How can O2 become diffusion limited

A

In heavy exercise or lung fibrosis

72
Q

CO is ________ limited

A

ALWAYS diffusion limited

-this is why CO poisoning is bad, once it gets in, it cant get out

73
Q

Can measure the effective exchange by measuring what

A

A-a gradient

  • difference between arteriol O2 cxn and alveolar O2 cxn
  • PA02-PaO2
74
Q

What is the A-a gradient usually

A

10mmHg

Low

75
Q

What does a high A-a gradient tell you

A

Something is wrong with oxygen exchange

  • fibrosis
  • physiological shunt
  • exercise
76
Q

What increases the distance between air and blood

A

Fibrotic diseases

  • increases distance between air blood, therefore reducing diffusion
  • takes longer to equilibrate
77
Q

What does extreme exercise do to A-a gradient

A

Increases blood flow, reduces time blood spends in the caps

78
Q

What do physiological shunts (right to left shunt) do to A-a gradient

A

-allows deox blood to enter arteriolar circulation

79
Q

What would happen to a persons A-a gradient if they were at a high altitude where PIO2 was reduced

A

No change

O2 saturation would change though

Physiology Block 7 (10 decks)

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