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SPOM > Respiratory Histology > Flashcards

Respiratory Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Where does cell respiration take place?

A

mitochondria

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2
Q

Where does mechanical respiration take place?

A
  • lungs
  • trachea and bronchi
  • elastic and collagen fibers
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3
Q

Ventilation mechanism components?

A
  • thoracic cage
  • intercostal muscles
  • diaphragm
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4
Q

Conducting division of respiratory system?

A
  • nasal cavity (paranasal sinuses)
  • nasopharynx
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • bronchioles
  • terminal bronchioles
  • how air gets into body
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5
Q

Respiratory division of respiratory system?

A
  • respiratory bronchioles
  • alveolar ducts
  • alveolar sacs
  • alveoli
  • oxygen exchange
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6
Q

Functions of respiratory system?

A
  1. conduction of air to and from lungs
  2. Conditioning air
    - cleanse
    - moisten
    - warm
  3. Additional functions
    - smell
    - speech
    - exchange of gases
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7
Q

Histological features of conduction?

A
  • Hyaline cartilage
  • collagen
  • elastic fibers
  • smooth muscles
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8
Q

What cleans the air?

A
  • Vibrissae (nose hairs)
  • macrophages
  • mucus
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9
Q

What moistens the air?

A

serous and mucus glands

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10
Q

What warms the air?

A

-capillary network in conchae

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11
Q

Histological layers of conduction portion of respiratory system?

A
  1. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cilia and goblet cells
  2. smooth muscle
  3. serous glands
  4. hyaline cartilage
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12
Q

Cells of the Respiratory epithelium?

A
  • Ciliated columnar cells
  • goblet cells
  • basal cells
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13
Q

Importance of cilia in respiratory?

A

moves particles out

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14
Q

Olfactory epithelium?

A
  • Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cilia
  • no goblet cells
  • cilia is immotile
  • supporting (sustentacular cells)
  • olfactory neuron (mature and immature)
  • basal cells
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15
Q

Olfactory glands of Bowman?

A
  • present under epithelium
  • secrete serous fluid containing odorant binding protein (OBP)
  • no mucus glands
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16
Q

Paranasal sinuses?

A
  • maxillary
  • frontal
  • ethmoidal
  • sphenoid
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17
Q

Histology of paranasal sinuses?

A
  • respiratory epithelium
  • fewer goblet cells
  • less glands in lamina propria
  • less extensive venous plexus
18
Q

Surfer’s sinusitis?

A
  • sinusitis: inflammation of mucosa lining sinus cavities
  • swelling of mucus blocks the flow of mucus and pressure builds up, causing pain and inflammation
  • due to salt water entering nose and paranasal sinuses
19
Q

Nasopharynx histology?

A
  • pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cilia and goblet cells
  • nasal surface
20
Q

Oropharynx histology?

A
  • stratified squamous epithelium

- oral surface

21
Q

Larynx function?

A
  • produce sound

- close trachea during swallowing

22
Q

Larynx histology?

A
  1. Respiratory epithelium
    - except true vocal cords
  2. Hyaline cartilage
    - thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid
  3. Elastic cartilage
    - epiglottis
  4. Lamina Propria
    - loose areolar CT beneath epithelium
    - seromucous glands
    - mast cells (hypersensitivity leading to edema and laryngeal obstruction)
23
Q

True vocal cords histology?

A
  • stratified squamous epithelium
  • vocal ligament (elastic fiber)
  • vocalis muscle (skeletal muscle)
24
Q

Trachea histology?

A
  • respiratory epithelium
  • 16-20 C shaped hyaline cartilage rings
  • smooth muscle (trachealis- changes shape for bolus to move through)
  • submucosal glands
25
Q

Bronchopulmonary segment?

A

-gross anatomic unit of lung that can be removed surgically

26
Q

Bronchi histology?

A
  • first branch off trachea
  • respiratory epithelium
  • plates or cartilage (complete rings)
  • smooth muscle
  • glands
27
Q

Transition from Bronchus (>5mm) to Bronchiole (<5mm)?

A
  1. bronchioles lack cartilage and glands
  2. number of goblet cells decreases distally, replaced by clara cells
  3. Epithelium changes
    - pseudostratified columnar with cilia
    - simple columnar with cilia
    - simple cuboidal with cilia (terminal bronchiole)
    - simple cuboidal (respiratory bronchiole)
28
Q

Terminal bronchiole histology?

A
  1. simple cuboidal epithelium with cilia
  2. Clara cells
  3. Neuroepithelial cells
  4. Lamina propria is smooth muscle and elastic fibers
29
Q

Function of Clara cells?

A
  • produce a component of surfactant
  • regulate transport of chloride ions
  • produce proteins that protect the bronchiolar lining from oxidative pollutants
30
Q

Function of neuroepithelial cells?

A
  • chemoreceptors reacting to gas composition

- epithelial cell renewal

31
Q

Respiratory portion function?

A

-exchange O2 and CO2 between inspired air and blood

32
Q

Respiratory portion (pulmonary lobule) histology?

A
  1. Respiratory bronchioles
    - simple cuboidal with cilia
    - changes to simple cuboidal
    - walls are interrupted
  2. Alveolar ducts
  3. Alveolar sacs
  4. Alveoli
33
Q

Alveolar duct and sac?

A
  • tube consisting of alveoli
  • isolated smooth muscle bundles
  • individual smooth muscle fibers in alveoli sacs and alveoli
34
Q

Alveoli histology?

A
  1. 2 thin squamous epithelial cells (endothelium)
  2. capillaries
  3. fibroblasts
  4. macrophages (dust cells)
  5. collagen
  6. elastic fibers
  7. alveolar pores (10-15 um)
35
Q

Pneumocytes?

A
  1. Type 1
    - 90% of alveolar surface
  2. Type 2
    - 10% of surface
    - located in interalveolar septum
    - creates surfactant (prevents collapse of alveoli)
    - phospholipid film over lower aqueous phase
    - less force for inspiration
    - constant turnover
36
Q

Blood air barrier (0.1-1.5um)?

A
  • cytoplasm and plasma membrane or alveolar cells
  • fused basal laminae of alveolar and endothelial cells (fenestrated capillaries)
  • plasma membrane and cytoplasm of endothelial cell
37
Q

Emphysema?

A
  1. Clinical:
    - shortness of breath
    - fifth decade of life
    - productive cough and acute chest illness, worse in morning
    - small amounts of colorless sputum from concomitant bronchitis
  2. Histopathology
    - chronic respiratory bronchiolitis
    - destruction of alveolar architecture
    - prominent accumulation of macrophages
    - marked bronchiolitis of terminal bronchioles
38
Q

Pulmonary arteries and veins?

A
  1. pump blood to lungs for O2 and back to heart
  2. run with bronchi toward alveoli
  3. artery: deoxygenated
  4. vein: oxygenated
39
Q

Bronchial arteries function?

A
  • nutrition to lungs
  • small branches off Aorta
  • eventually anastomose with small branches of pulmonary artery
  • spread around alveoli
40
Q

Where do bronchial veins drain into?

A

Azygous and Hemiazygous veins

41
Q

Pleura?

A
  • serous membrane covering lung and lining thoracic cavity
  • 2 layers: parietal and visceral (mesothelial cells and CT)
  • pleural cavity contains thin film of liquid for lubrication

SPOM (17 decks)

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