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SPOM > Cartilage/Bone > Flashcards

Cartilage/Bone Flashcards

1
Q

Function of cartilage?

A
  • shock absorber (ex. articular cartilage between two bones)
  • protects ends of bones from friction
  • changes shape and returns back
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2
Q

Chondroblast?

A
  • young undifferentiated cartilage cell

- produces matrix

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3
Q

Chondrocyte?

A
  • once chondroblast has completely surrounded itself with matrix
  • mature cartilage cell
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4
Q

Lacunae?

A
  • space that cells live in

- territorial matrix around cells is different from matrix surrounding

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5
Q

Isogenous Groups?

A
  • all cells from mitotic division of same cell
  • specific to cartilage
  • matrix is soft and has lot of water to absorb shock
  • gives chondrocyte space to move
  • multiple cells in one lacuna until they create enough matrix to form their own lacuna
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6
Q

What is Perichondrium?

A
  • layers surrounding cartilage
  • outer fibrous layer
  • inner chondrogenic layer (chondroblasts)
  • dense irregular CT
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7
Q

Chondroprogenitor cells?

A

cells that have the ability to become chondrocytes with the correct signals to differentiate

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8
Q

Type of collagen in ECM of cartilage?

A
  • Type 2 collagen specific to cartilage
  • Special Fibrillar collagen (Fibrils) to link it to ground substance: (collagen type 2, type 1, and elastin)
  • connectors: collagen IX, X, XI help link to ECM
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9
Q

Ground substance in collagen?

A
  • Hyaluronic Acid: simple unsulfated GAG
  • GAGs (chondroitan sulfate, keratan sulfate, dermatan sulfate, heparin sulfate)
  • Proteoglycans (GAG side chains)
  • Glycoproteins (structure-chondronectin)
  • 70% is water to absorb shock
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10
Q

Function of Perichondrium?

A
  • vascular supply (nutrition) for cartilage via diffusion (except articular cartilage gets nutrients from synovial membrane)
  • supply of chondroprogenitor cells
  • forms interface between cartilage and tissue supported
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11
Q

Outer layer of perichondrium?

A
  • fibrous layer
  • dense irregular CT
  • contains fibroblasts and blood vessels
  • bigger layer
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12
Q

Inner layer of perichondrium?

A
  • chondrogenic layer

- contains chondroblasts and chondroprogenitor cells

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13
Q

Types of growth cartilage is capable of?

A
  • Appositional

- Interstitial (only in cartilage)

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14
Q

Appositional growth of cartilage?

A
  • differentiation of perichondral cells
  • chondrogenic layer cells divide and mature and surround with ECM
  • becomes wider
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15
Q

Interstitial growth in cartilage?

A
  • mitotic division of pre-existing chondrocytes
  • isogenous groups start dividing
  • increase in length of cartilage
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16
Q

What is cartilage derived from?

A

mesenchyme

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17
Q

Where is Hyaline cartilage found?

A
  • Fetal skeleton
  • articular surface of moveable joints (no perichondrium b/c have synovial membrane)
  • sternal ends of ribs
  • trachea
  • larynx
  • nose
  • epiphyseal plate (includes collagen types IX, X, XI)
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18
Q

What is elastic cartilage?

A
  • Fibrils: collagen type 2 and elastin (elastic fibers)

- Ground substance: similar to Hyaline Cartilage

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19
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A
  • external ear
  • external auditory meatus
  • auditory tubes
  • epiglottis
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20
Q

What is fibrocartilage?

A
  • Collagen type 1 fibers (no type 2, exception to rule)
  • very strong to handle stress and be able to change shape
  • Ground substance: similar to hyaline cartilage
  • no perichondrium
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21
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

A
  • IV discs (annulus fibrosus, nucleus pulposus-hyaline)
  • Insertions of tendons and ligaments into bone
  • Symphysis Pubis
  • Bone to bone
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22
Q

How are cartilage and bone the same?

A
  • firm tissue that resists mechanical stress
  • cells lie in lacunae
  • mainly ECM
23
Q

How is bone different from cartilage?

A
  • bony salts in matrix (hydroxyapatite-bone)
  • nutrients cannot diffuse through salt
  • presence of vasculature
  • lacunae linked by canaliculi
  • collagen fibrils organized into lamellae (layers)
  • bone cannot grow in length without cartilage
  • appositional growth only (periosteal later to osteoblasts)
24
Q

Osteoblasts?

A
  • immature bone cell
  • secrete matrix
  • type 1 collagen, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins
25
Q

Osteocyte?

A
  • mature bone cell
  • surrounded by matrix
  • reside in lacunae
  • canaliculi- cytoplasmic processes
26
Q

Osteoclasts?

A
  • bone marrow derivative
  • reabsorb matrix with enzymes (controlled by endocrine system)
  • mulitnucleated giant cells that remodel bone
  • Howsips lacunae- eroded grooves from reabsorption
27
Q

Bone ECM inorganic?

A

Inorganic components:

  • Calcium and Phosphorous (largest reservoir in body)
  • Hydroxyapatite crystals
  • non crystalline hydroxyapatite
  • magnesium
  • bicarbonate
  • citrate
  • sodium
  • potassium
28
Q

What is osteoporosis related to?

A
  • hormones
  • estrogen decreases with age after menopause
  • calcium starts to be removed from bone storage
29
Q

Bone ECM organic components?

A
  • type 1 collagen
  • GAGs (chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate)
  • proteoglycans
  • glycoproteins (promote calcification of matrix)
30
Q

Periosteum?

A
  • outer layer = collagen fibers and fibroblasts

- inner layer = osteoprogenitor cells

31
Q

Endosteum?

A
  • single layer osteoprogenitor cells
  • lines all internal cavities of bone
  • bone marrow in middle
32
Q

Long bone components?

A
  1. Epiphysis
    - end of bone
    - articular cartilage
    - growth plate
  2. Diaphysis:
    - length of bone
    - bone marrow
  3. Metaphysis:
    - where bone widens
    - in between two above
33
Q

Primary bone tissue?

A
  • random deposition of collagen fibers

- lower mineral content

34
Q

Secondary bone tissue?

A
  • lamellar (circular) collagen fiber arrangement around central blood vessel
  • Haversian system (osteon)
35
Q

Bone Lamellar pattern?

A
  1. Haversian system
    - Haversian canal for blood vessel
    - Volkman’s canal to communicate with other systems, perpendicular
  2. Outer circumferential lamellae
  3. Inner circumferential lamellae
  4. Interstitial lamellae
    - older systems
  5. Canaliculi
    - sends nutrition to outer osteocytes, gap junctions
36
Q

Intramembranous Ossification?

A
  • Primary center of ossification: mesenchymal cells into osteoblasts
  • direct mineralization of matrix secreted by osteoblasts
  • flat bones (face)
37
Q

Intramembranous ossification abnormalities?

A

Craniostenosis

  • Crouzon syndrome
  • Apert syndrome
38
Q

Crouzon Syndrome?

A
  • craniostenosis, exophthalmos, short upper lip
  • mutation of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2
  • just face
39
Q

Apert Syndrome?

A
  • skull and mid facial abnormalities
  • Syndactyly- fingers stay together
  • Mutation in Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2
  • face and fingers
40
Q

Endochondral ossification?

A
  • long bones grow longer this way
  • cartilage makes length of bone through interstitial growth and then its replaced with bone
  • blood vessels enter middle of diaphysis to allow for bone growth
  • epiphyseal growth plate
41
Q

Growth plate zones?

A
  1. Resting zone of cartilage- hyaline, mostly ground substance with cells
  2. Proliferative zone- rapid mitotic division, like stacks of pancakes
  3. Hypertrophic zone- chondrocytes grow in size, producing lot of collagen and GAGs, preparing for calcification
  4. Calcification zone- starting to produce bony salts, cartilage is calcified
  5. Ossification zone- invading blood, osteoblasts line up, trabecular bone forming, remodeling by osteoclasts and new bony matrix formed
42
Q

Endochondral ossification abnormalities?

A
  • Osteopetrosis

- Osteogenesis Imperfecta

43
Q

Osteopetrosis?

A
  • increased bone mass
  • bone appears thickened in radiographs
  • abnormal osteoclast not remodeling trabeculae
44
Q

Osteogenesis Imperfecta?

A
  • Brittle bone disease
  • abnormality in type 1 collagen
  • generalized osteopenia in radiographs
  • abundance of disorganized bone in histology
45
Q

Synostosis joint?

A
  • bone united by bone tissue

- ex. adult skull, cranial vault intermembranous bone formation

46
Q

Synchondroses joint?

A
  • primary cartilaginous joint
  • bones joined by hyaline cartilage
  • ex. epiphyseal plate
  • ex. first rib attached to sternum
47
Q

Symphysis joint?

A
  • secondary cartilaginous joint
  • bones joined by fibrocartilage
  • ex. IV disc, pubic symphysis
48
Q

Syndesmosis joint?

A
  • bones connected by interosseous ligament or fibrous membrane
  • permits some mobility
  • ex. interosseous membrane between radius and ulna
49
Q

Diarthroses joint?

A
  • ligaments and a capsule of connective tissue maintain contact at ends of bones
  • permits great mobility
  • connective tissue capsule encloses a sealed articular cartilage cavity
  • ex. articular joints
50
Q

TGF-beta type 2 receptor mutation?

A
  • resembles osteoarthritis
  • alterations in growth plate architecture
  • alterations in ECM composition
51
Q

What does the MMP-13/9 knockout experiment teach us about our genes?

A
  • there is redundancy in the system
  • system slowed down but fixed itself over the course of 5 months
  • bones were shorter
52
Q

Knockout Cbfa-1 gene?

A

-complete lack of ossification

53
Q

Cleidocranial dysplasia?

A
  • box shaped skull with open sutures
  • hypoplastic clavicles
  • ability to oppose shoulders

SPOM (17 decks)

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