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SPOM > Cardiovascular Histology > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Inner lining of lumen of every blood vessel?

A

Endothelium (simple squamous epithelium)

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2
Q

Three layers of blood vessels?

A
  1. Tunica Intima: Endothelium
  2. Tunica Media: Smooth muscle
  3. Tunica Adventitia: connective tissue
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3
Q

What is Endothelium? Functions?

A

-specialized simple squamous epithelium in blood vessels

Functions:

  • semipermeable barrier between blood and interstitial fluid
  • mediates and monitors exchange of small molecules
  • converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2
  • converts biologically active compounds to inert
  • lipolysis: triglycerides and cholesterol
  • produce vasoactive factors
  • antithrombogenic action
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4
Q

What types of vessels do not have a tunica media?

A
  • capillaries

- pericytic venules

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5
Q

How are smooth muscle cells connected in small arteries and arterioles?

A

gap junctions

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6
Q

Tunica Intima?

A
  • one layer of endothelial cells
  • some arteries have internal elastic lamina (large to small)
  • IEL have fenestrae to allow diffusion, keep lumen open
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7
Q

Tunica Media?

A
  • concentric layers of smooth muscle
  • elastic and reticular fibers
  • some arteries have external elastic lamina right before tunica adventitia (medium muscular)
  • large arteries have multiple layers of elastic lamina
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8
Q

Tunica Adventitia?

A
  • collagen type 1 and elastic fibers

- Vasa vasorum (vessel of vessel, smaller vessels in adventitia)

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9
Q

Large elastic arteries?

A
  • Aorta and branches
  • elastic lamina (tunica media) stabilize blood flow
  • many layers of elastic lamina
  • Tunica intima is thickest of all arteries
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10
Q

Medium muscular artery?

A
  • Tunica intima has prominent IEL
  • Tunica media is made up of about 40 layers or less of smooth muscle
  • some have EEL in tunica media
  • Tunica adventitia defined
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11
Q

Small Muscular artery?

A
  • Tunica media is about 10 layers of smooth muscle

- Tunica adventitia defined

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12
Q

Arterioles?

A
  • Tunica media is less than 5 layers of smooth muscle

- no IEL

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13
Q

Capillaries?

A
  • no Tunica Media or Adventitia

- only contain Tunica Intima

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14
Q

How to identify a venule?

A
  • runs with arterioles
  • has bigger lumen
  • always identify the artery next to it
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15
Q

How to identify lymphatic vessel?

A
  • runs with arteries and veins
  • usually big open space above or below other vessels
  • has endothelium
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16
Q

Carotid bodies?

A
  • chemoreceptors in Common Carotid
  • sense high CO2, low O2 tension, acidic pH
  • nerves are afferent, send signals to brain
  • fenestrated capillaries in cells (rapidly measure and exchange chemicals)
17
Q

Carotid Sinus?

A
  • Baroreceptors in Internal Carotid
  • sense change in blood pressure
  • Tunica media thinner, allow to sense more change
  • Tunica media and Adventitia rich in nerve endings
  • afferent impulses are processed by CNS to control vasoconstriction
18
Q

Capillaries?

A
  • one or two endothelial cells and basal lamina, contain windows for exchange
  • pericytes
  • arteriovenous anastomoses: regulate BP, flow, temp
  • Exhange vessels: water, O2, small molecules diffuse, large molecules through fenestrae
  • usually one or two endothelial cells with RBC in middle
19
Q

Pericytes?

A
  • a lot of actin/myosin in cytoplasm
  • intimately attached to capillary
  • stem cells differentiate into new capillaries
  • sense pressure through capillary
20
Q

Different types of capillary structure?

A

-varying levels of metabolic exchange

  1. Continuous or Somatic:
    - tight junctions (zona occludens)
    - ex. pancreas, muscles
  2. Fenestrated or visceral:
    - most common
    - in all visceral organs
    - basal lamina is continuous, but easier movement of cells
    - ex. jejunum
  3. Discontinuous or Sinusoidal:
    - in liver
    - big open areas for blood to purify
    - slow flow
    - discontinuous basal lamina
21
Q

Venules?

A
  • irregular, collapsed lumen

- few smooth muscle cells

22
Q

Small to medium veins?

A
  • thin Tunica Intima
  • Tunica media small bundles of individual muscle cells, reticular and elastic fibers
  • Tunica adventitia well developed
23
Q

Large veins?

A
  • venous trunks close to heart
  • Tunica intima well developed
  • Tunica media few layers of muscle and CT
  • Tunica adventitia thick with long bundles of smooth muscle
24
Q

First vein leaving capillary bed (postcapillary)?

A

pericytic venule

25
Q

Lymph vessels?

A
  • single layer of endothelium that originate in tissue as closed ended capillaries
  • return extracellular fluid to heart
  • incomplete basal lamina
  • converge to form Thoracic duct
  • similar structure to veins but thinner walls and less distinct tunica
  • valves control unidirectional flow of lymph
26
Q

Where does the thoracic duct drain?

A

junction of left Internal jugular vein and left subclavian vein

27
Q

Summary: differences between arteries and veins?

A

Artery:

  • prominent IEL in Intima
  • many layers of smooth muscle in Media
  • CT in Adventitia

Vein:

  • thin sub endothelial layer in Intima
  • small bundles of smooth muscle in Media
  • well developed and collagenous Adventitia
28
Q

Layers of heart?

A
  1. Endocardium= Tunica Intima
    - endothelial layer
  2. Myocardium= Tunica Media
    - cardiac muscle, inserts into fibrous skeleton
  3. Epicardium= Tunica Adventitia
    - CT, vasa vasorum, adipose
29
Q

Structure of cardiac valves?

A

-collagen and elastic fibers lined both sides with endothelium

30
Q

Sinoatrial node (SA)?

A
  • located in upper right atrium
  • natural pacemaker
  • 60-100 bpm
31
Q

Atrioventricular node (AV)?

A
  • located in floor of right atrium
  • network of cytoplasmic projections
  • conduct normal impulses
32
Q

Atrioventricular bundle?

A
  • associate with AV node
  • Purkinje fibers: impulse conduction system (bigger, binucleate muscular cells, stain foamy color: glycogen)
  • signal to innermost layers of ventricular musculature
33
Q

Atherosclerotic lesions?

A
  • antithrombogenic function of endothelium lost
  • aging CT
  • obstruction of vessel by atherosclerotic plaque
  • thrombosis at location of lesion
34
Q

Aneurysm?

A
  • localized dilation of arterial wall
  • bulging Tunica Media
  • if smooth muscle wall breaks it is fatal

SPOM (17 decks)

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