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SPOM > Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Peripheral Glial cells?

A
  • Schwann cells

- Satellite cells

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2
Q

Central Glial cells?

A
  • oligodendrocytes
  • astrocytes
  • microglial cells
  • ependymal cells
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3
Q

Role of interneurons?

A

fine tune other neurons (sensory, motor)

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4
Q

What is Nissl substance?

A
  • large granules of rough ER with ribosomes for protein synthesis
  • indicate neuron is active
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5
Q

Axon hillock?

A
  • where action potential generates
  • light stained area of neuron
  • only one axon per neuron
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6
Q

Dendrites?

A
  • vary greatly
  • up to 200,000 per neuron
  • become thinner with branching
  • cytoplasm similar to perinuclear cytoplasm except golgi apparatus
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7
Q

Role of myelin?

A
  • insulate axons
  • cover ion channels to prevent from opening
  • conducts faster signal
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8
Q

Nodes of Ranvier function?

A
  • saltatory conduction
  • signal jumps from node to node
  • faster signal
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9
Q

What are the fastest axons in terms of diameter and myelination?

A

larger diameter and myelinated

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10
Q

Multiple sclerosis?

A
  • demyelinating disease
  • autoimmune
  • BBB is compromised allowing WBCs to enter brain and attack proteins (MBP, PLP) that produce myelin in CNS
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11
Q

Guillain barre syndrome?

A
  • demyelinating disease
  • autoimmune
  • immune system attacks myelin sheath in PNS
  • paralyzed in severe cases
  • starts with tingling and muscle weakness of extremities
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12
Q

Charcot marie tooth disease?

A
  • inherited neuro disease
  • mutation of protein in peripheral axons or myelin
  • starts in lower leg
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13
Q

Progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy?

A

-viral infection causes demyelination

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14
Q

Bipolar neurons?

A
  • special senses

- vision, hearing, smell

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15
Q

Multipolar neurons?

A
  • motor neurons

- interneurons (most neurons in body)

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16
Q

Pseudounipolar neurons?

A
  • sensory neurons in ganglia

- DRG, cranial nerve ganglia

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17
Q

What is the resting membrane potential?

A
  • 70mV

- K is high inside cells, Na high outside

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18
Q

What is the threshold potential?

A
  • 55mV

- neurons are polarized to generate action potential

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19
Q

Steps to generation of action potential?

A
  1. Depolarization- Na channels open, influx of Na into cell, if reach threshold (-55mV) an action potential is generated, can reach +30mV
  2. Na channels shut at peak, K channels open
  3. Depolarization- K channels open, diffuse out of cell to bring the membrane potential back down
  4. Hyperpolarization- K continues to diffuse, cannot receive another stimulus (-90mV)
  5. ATPase pump actively transports Na back out and K back in (3 Na, 2 K) which restores the resting potential
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20
Q

Types of synapses?

A
  1. Axosomatic: axon on cell body
  2. Axodendritic: axon on dendrite
  3. Axoaxonic: axon on axon
  4. Dendrodendritic: dendrite on dendrite, new finding
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21
Q

Difference between electrical and chemical synapse?

A
  1. Electrical
    - ion channels, gap junctions
    - faster conduction
    - bidirectional
    - no cleft
    - not common
  2. Chemical
    - more common
    - have gain: one motor axon terminal can excite more than on skeletal muscle
    - neurotransmitters in synaptic vesicles, released into cleft and bind to receptors on postsynaptic membrane
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22
Q

Process of chemical synapse?

A
  1. action potential arrives, releases calcium into presynaptic axon
  2. triggers release of ACh from vesicles
  3. receptors on postsynaptic membrane align to bind with ACh
    - can be excitatory or inhibitory to depolarize or hyperpolarize the cell
  4. Neurotransmitter is reuptaked into presynaptic neuron or degraded my enzymes in the cleft
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23
Q

Amino acid NTs?

A
  • Glutamate
  • Glycine
  • GABA
24
Q

Monoamine NTs?

A
  • NE
  • Epi
  • Dopamine
  • Serotonin
25
Q

Acetylcholine?

A
  • NT in all preganglionic neurons
  • in parasympathetic postganglionic neurons
  • neuromuscular junction
  • sweat glands
26
Q

Norepinephrine?

A

-most sympathetic postganglionic neurons exept sweat glands (ACh) and renal artery (dopamine)

27
Q

Epinephrine?

A

-Adrenal medulla releases into blood (small amount of NE as well)

28
Q

Are of spinal cord for sympathetic? parasympathetic?

A
  • Sympathetic: IML (T1-L2)

- Parasympathetic: craniosacral (cranial nerves, S2-S4), ganglions near effector organs

29
Q

Cholinergic receptors?

A
  1. Muscarinic: at target organs of parasympathetic innervation
  2. Nicotinic: autonomic ganglia, adrenal medulla, NMJ
30
Q

Adrenergic receptors?

A
  1. alpha:
    - alpha 1- vascular smooth muscle and sphincters
    - alpha 2- nerve endings
  2. Beta:
    - beta 1- heart
    - beta 2- vascular and nonvascular smooth muscle (selective or nonselective)
31
Q

NT and receptors in parasympathetic innervation?

A
  1. preganglionic neuron is long, releases ACh at Nicotinic receptor
  2. postganglionic neuron is short to effector organ
  3. Muscarinic receptor, releases ACh
32
Q

NT and receptors in sympathetic innervation to sweat glands?

A
  1. preganglionic neuron is short, release ACh at nicotinic receptor
  2. postganglionic neuron is long
  3. releases ACh at Muscarinic receptor in sweat glands
  4. Cholinergic drug causes sweating
33
Q

NT and receptors in sympathetic innervation of cardiac and smooth muscle, gland cells, and nerve terminals?

A
  1. preganglionic neuron is short, releases ACh at Nicotinic receptor
  2. postganglionic neuron is long, releases NE at alpha or beta receptors
34
Q

NT and receptors in sympathetic innervation of renal vascular smooth muscle?

A
  1. preganglionic neuron is short, releases ACh at Nicotinic receptors
  2. Postganglionic neuron is long, releases Dopamine at D1 receptors in kidney smooth muscle
35
Q

NT and receptors in adrenal medulla?

A
  1. Neuron stimulates adrenal medulla with ACh at Nicotinic receptors
  2. Adrenal medulla releases 20% NE and 80% Epi
36
Q

NT and receptors in somatic skeletal muscle?

A
  1. one motor nerve extends from spinal cord to skeletal muscle
  2. Releases ACh at Nicotinic receptors at effector muscle
37
Q

Botulism (tetanus)?

A

interrupts presynaptic release of ACh

38
Q

Lambert Eaton syndrome?

A
  • interrupts presynaptic release of ACh

- disrupts voltage gated calcium channels

39
Q

Myasthenia Gravis?

A
  • block the postsynaptic receptors
  • produce antibodies against Nicotinic receptors
  • prevents ACh from binding to receptors
  • fluctuating muscle weakness in eyes and face
40
Q

Organophosphates insecticides and nerve gas?

A
  • too much acetylcholine depolarize the postsynaptic receptors
  • inactivate acetylcholinesterase so cannot breakdown ACh in cleft
  • muscle tremor and death, paralysis
  • cholinergic drugs same mechanism
41
Q

White matter in CNS?

A
  • inside area of brain, outside of spinal cord
  • axons
  • glial cells
  • no cell bodies
42
Q

Gray matter in CNS?

A
  • outside of brain, inside of spinal cord
  • cell bodies
  • Neuropil (dendrites, axons, glial processes)
  • glial cells
43
Q

Cerebral cortex layers?

A
  1. Molecular layer
  2. External granular layer
  3. External pyramidal layer
    - (1-3 inter hemispheric connection)
  4. Internal Granule layer (afferent)
  5. Internal Pyramidal layer (afferent to basal ganglia)
  6. Multiform (fusiform) layer (efferent)
  7. White matter
44
Q

Cerebellar cortex layers?

A
  1. Outer Molecular layer- barely any cell bodies
  2. Central Purkinje layer- big cells, protect dendritic tree
  3. Inner Granular layer- compact, small neurons, project axons to molecular layer
45
Q

Astrocytes in CNS?

A
  • fibrous and protoplasmic: glial fibrillary acidic protein
  • maintain blood brain barrier
  • move metabolites to and from neurons
  • modulate neuronal survival and activity
46
Q

Oligodendrocytes in CNS?

A
  • produce myelin in CNS

- one oligodendrocyte can produce myelin for one to several neurons

47
Q

Microglia in CNS?

A
  • phagocytic cells
  • when activated, retract processes and appear like macrophages
  • involved in inflammation and repair, immune cell in brain
48
Q

Ependymal cells in CNS?

A
  • epithelium like cells lining ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal cord
  • cilia and microvilli on apical surfaces
  • Choroid plexus: produce CSF
  • each ventricle has one plexus (4 total)
  • capillaries are leaky to allow plasma to leak out and filter plasma
  • tight junctions between cells
  • no external basal lamina
49
Q

CSF production and flow?

A
  1. CSF is produced in choroid plexus lining the 4 ventricles
  2. Flows from the 4th ventricle to subarachnoid space through median and lateral apertures
  3. small amount flows into central canal of spinal cord
  4. CSF can be reabsorbed by microvilli
50
Q

Blood brain barrier anatomy?

A
  • tight junctions of endothelial cells
  • lack of fenestration
  • basement membrane
  • astrocyte end feet
  • pericytes
51
Q

Blood brain barrier function?

A
  • filter and restrict passage of certain molecules (>500 daltons)
  • maintain water and ion levels in CNS
  • blood born immune cells cannot penetrate
52
Q

Diseases involving blood brain barrier?

A
  • Meningitis
  • HIV encephalitis
  • Rabies
  • Alzheimers (late stage)
53
Q

Nerve coatings?

A
  • Epineurium: outer layer encloses several bundles of fascicles
  • Perineurium: encloses fascicles
  • Endoneurium: encloses individual axons
54
Q

Peripheral glial cells?

A
  • Schwann cells

- Satellite cells

55
Q

Schwann cells?

A
  • support myelinated and unmyelinated axons
  • produce myelin to speed up conduction of nerve impulses
  • clean up debris and guide regeneration
56
Q

Satellite cells?

A
  • electric insulation

- metabolic exchange

SPOM (17 decks)

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