Respiratory/ histamine- FINAL

Question 1

What are the two types of histamine receptors?

Answer 1

H1 (allergic reactions) and H2 (gastric acid secretion).

Question 2

What are first-generation H1 antihistamines known for?

Answer 2

Sedation, drowsiness, and anticholinergic effects.

Question 3

What are second-generation H1 antihistamines preferred for?

Answer 3

Allergy treatment with minimal sedation.

Question 4

Why should first-generation H1 antihistamines be avoided in the elderly?

Answer 4

Increased risk of falls and sedation.

Question 5

Which antihistamines can cause paradoxical excitation in children?

Answer 5

First-generation H1 antihistamines.

Question 6

Name three drug classes used for rhinitis treatment.

Answer 6

Intranasal steroids (fluticasone/Flonase), D
econgestants (Pseudoephedrine/phenylephrine),
Mast cell stabilizers (cromolyn, ketotifen).

Question 7

What are the risks of using narcotic antitussives like codeine?

Answer 7

Respiratory depression, drowsiness, constipation.

Question 8

What is the primary function of expectorants?

Answer 8

Thin mucus to improve clearance.

Question 9

Which expectorant is commonly used in colds and bronchitis?

Answer 9

Guaifenesin.

Question 10

Which mucolytic is also used for acetaminophen overdose?

Answer 10

Acetylcysteine.

Question 11

What is the first-line treatment for persistent asthma?

Answer 11

Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) like Fluticasone, Budesonide.

Question 12

What is the primary function of leukotriene inhibitors?

Answer 12

Block leukotriene receptors to reduce inflammation.

Question 13

Name two leukotriene inhibitors.

Answer 13

Montelukast, Zafirlukast.

Question 14

What are the primary side effects of Beta-2 agonists?

Answer 14

Tachycardia, tremors.

Question 15

Name two Beta-2 agonists.

Answer 15

Albuterol (SABA), Salmeterol (LABA).

Question 16

What is the mechanism of muscarinic antagonists in respiratory therapy?

Answer 16

Block muscarinic receptors to cause bronchodilation.

Question 17

Name two muscarinic antagonists.

Answer 17

Ipratropium (SAMA), Tiotropium (LAMA).

Question 18

What is the mechanism of methylxanthines like Theophylline?

Answer 18

Phosphodiesterase inhibition leading to bronchodilation.

Question 19

Why is Theophylline rarely used?

Answer 19

Narrow therapeutic index, risk of cardiac toxicity.

Question 20

Name a selective PDE-4 inhibitor.

Answer 20

Roflumilast.

Rolipram, Cilomilast

Question 21

What are the major adverse effects of Roflumilast?

Answer 21

Weight loss, psychiatric effects.

Question 22

What is the primary treatment goal for asthma?

Answer 22

Reduce airway inflammation and prevent exacerbations.

Question 23

What is the primary treatment goal for COPD?

Answer 23

Symptom management and slowing disease progression.

Question 24

What is the first-line quick-relief medication for asthma?

Answer 24

Short-acting beta agonists (SABAs) like Albuterol.

Question 25

What is the mechanism of action of SABAs?

Answer 25

Relax airway smooth muscle for quick bronchodilation.

Question 26

Why should LABAs never be used as monotherapy in asthma?

Answer 26

Increases risk of asthma-related deaths; must be combined with an ICS.

Question 27

What is the first-line long-term control medication for asthma?

Answer 27

Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) like Fluticasone.

Question 28

What are common adverse effects of inhaled corticosteroids?

Answer 28

Oral candidiasis (thrush), hoarseness, hyperglycemia (systemic use).

Question 29

What is the primary function of leukotriene modifiers like Montelukast?

Answer 29

Block leukotriene receptors to reduce inflammation and bronchoconstriction.

Question 30

What is Cromolyn used for in respiratory therapy?

Answer 30

Prevention of asthma symptoms (mast cell stabilizer).

Question 31

What is the mechanism of muscarinic antagonists like Ipratropium?

Answer 31

Blocks parasympathetic bronchoconstriction.

Question 32

What is a common side effect of muscarinic antagonists?

Answer 32

Dry mouth, bitter taste.

Question 33

What is the main limitation of Theophylline?

Answer 33

Narrow therapeutic index; toxicity risk includes seizures and arrhythmias.

Question 34

What type of patients benefit from monoclonal antibody therapy?

Answer 34

Severe asthma patients unresponsive to ICS/LABA therapy.

Question 35

Which drug class is first-line for COPD?

Answer 35

LABAs (Salmeterol) and LAMAs (Tiotropium).

Question 36

Why should ICS use be limited in COPD?

Answer 36

Increases risk of pneumonia; used only in severe cases (FEV1 <60%).

Question 37

What is the role of Roflumilast in COPD?

Answer 37

PDE-4 inhibitor that reduces inflammation in severe COPD.

Question 38

What is the first-line medication for allergic rhinitis?

Answer 38

Intranasal steroids like Fluticasone.

Question 39

What are two common 2nd-generation antihistamines?

Answer 39

Loratadine and Cetirizine (non-sedating antihistamines).

Question 40

What are the risks of prolonged decongestant use?

Answer 40

Rebound congestion with use >3 days.

Question 41

What is the function of opioid antitussives like Codeine?

Answer 41

Suppress the CNS cough reflex.

Question 42

What is the function of Guaifenesin?

Answer 42

Thins mucus to facilitate easier clearance.

Question 43

What is the purpose of a spacer with an MDI inhaler?

Answer 43

Reduces oropharyngeal deposition and improves medication delivery.