Respiratory/ histamine- FINAL Flashcards
What are the two types of histamine receptors?
H1 (allergic reactions) and H2 (gastric acid secretion).
What are first-generation H1 antihistamines known for?
Sedation, drowsiness, and anticholinergic effects.
What are second-generation H1 antihistamines preferred for?
Allergy treatment with minimal sedation.
Why should first-generation H1 antihistamines be avoided in the elderly?
Increased risk of falls and sedation.
Which antihistamines can cause paradoxical excitation in children?
First-generation H1 antihistamines.
Name three drug classes used for rhinitis treatment.
Intranasal steroids (fluticasone/Flonase), D
econgestants (Pseudoephedrine/phenylephrine),
Mast cell stabilizers (cromolyn, ketotifen).
What are the risks of using narcotic antitussives like codeine?
Respiratory depression, drowsiness, constipation.
What is the primary function of expectorants?
Thin mucus to improve clearance.
Which expectorant is commonly used in colds and bronchitis?
Guaifenesin.
Which mucolytic is also used for acetaminophen overdose?
Acetylcysteine.
What is the first-line treatment for persistent asthma?
Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) like Fluticasone, Budesonide.
What is the primary function of leukotriene inhibitors?
Block leukotriene receptors to reduce inflammation.
Name two leukotriene inhibitors.
Montelukast, Zafirlukast.
What are the primary side effects of Beta-2 agonists?
Tachycardia, tremors.
Name two Beta-2 agonists.
Albuterol (SABA), Salmeterol (LABA).
What is the mechanism of muscarinic antagonists in respiratory therapy?
Block muscarinic receptors to cause bronchodilation.
Name two muscarinic antagonists.
Ipratropium (SAMA), Tiotropium (LAMA).
What is the mechanism of methylxanthines like Theophylline?
Phosphodiesterase inhibition leading to bronchodilation.
Why is Theophylline rarely used?
Narrow therapeutic index, risk of cardiac toxicity.
Name a selective PDE-4 inhibitor.
Roflumilast.
Rolipram, Cilomilast
What are the major adverse effects of Roflumilast?
Weight loss, psychiatric effects.
What is the primary treatment goal for asthma?
Reduce airway inflammation and prevent exacerbations.
What is the primary treatment goal for COPD?
Symptom management and slowing disease progression.
What is the first-line quick-relief medication for asthma?
Short-acting beta agonists (SABAs) like Albuterol.
What is the mechanism of action of SABAs?
Relax airway smooth muscle for quick bronchodilation.
Why should LABAs never be used as monotherapy in asthma?
Increases risk of asthma-related deaths; must be combined with an ICS.
What is the first-line long-term control medication for asthma?
Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) like Fluticasone.
What are common adverse effects of inhaled corticosteroids?
Oral candidiasis (thrush), hoarseness, hyperglycemia (systemic use).
What is the primary function of leukotriene modifiers like Montelukast?
Block leukotriene receptors to reduce inflammation and bronchoconstriction.
What is Cromolyn used for in respiratory therapy?
Prevention of asthma symptoms (mast cell stabilizer).
What is the mechanism of muscarinic antagonists like Ipratropium?
Blocks parasympathetic bronchoconstriction.
What is a common side effect of muscarinic antagonists?
Dry mouth, bitter taste.
What is the main limitation of Theophylline?
Narrow therapeutic index; toxicity risk includes seizures and arrhythmias.
What type of patients benefit from monoclonal antibody therapy?
Severe asthma patients unresponsive to ICS/LABA therapy.
Which drug class is first-line for COPD?
LABAs (Salmeterol) and LAMAs (Tiotropium).
Why should ICS use be limited in COPD?
Increases risk of pneumonia; used only in severe cases (FEV1 <60%).
What is the role of Roflumilast in COPD?
PDE-4 inhibitor that reduces inflammation in severe COPD.
What is the first-line medication for allergic rhinitis?
Intranasal steroids like Fluticasone.
What are two common 2nd-generation antihistamines?
Loratadine and Cetirizine (non-sedating antihistamines).
What are the risks of prolonged decongestant use?
Rebound congestion with use >3 days.
What is the function of opioid antitussives like Codeine?
Suppress the CNS cough reflex.
What is the function of Guaifenesin?
Thins mucus to facilitate easier clearance.
What is the purpose of a spacer with an MDI inhaler?
Reduces oropharyngeal deposition and improves medication delivery.
