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ANS FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

Neurotransmission Steps

A

Synthesis, storage, release, binding, termination.

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2
Q

Axonal Conduction

A

Action potentials propagate along an axon.

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3
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Uses norepinephrine, increases HR, BP, and bronchodilation.

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4
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Uses acetylcholine, decreases HR, increases digestion.

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5
Q

Receptor Subtypes in the ANS

A

Adrenergic: Alpha, Beta; Cholinergic: Nicotinic, Muscarinic.

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6
Q

Adrenergic Receptor Activation

A

Alpha1: Vasoconstriction; Alpha2: Inhibits NE release; Beta1: Increases HR; Beta2: Bronchodilation.

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7
Q

Cholinergic Receptors

A

Nicotinic: Autonomic ganglia, NMJ; Muscarinic: Heart, glands, smooth muscle.

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8
Q

Bethanechol Use

A

Used for urinary retention; causes bradycardia, diarrhea; treat overdose with Atropine.

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9
Q

Muscarinic Antagonists MOA

A

Blocks muscarinic receptors, reduces parasympathetic activity.

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10
Q

Uses of Muscarinic Antagonists

A

Motion sickness, bradycardia, overactive bladder.

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11
Q

Cholinesterase Inhibitors MOA

A

Prevent ACh breakdown, increasing cholinergic effects.

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12
Q

Clinical Uses of Cholinesterase Inhibitors

A

Myasthenia gravis, Alzheimer’s disease.

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13
Q

Reversible vs. Irreversible Cholinesterase Inhibitors

A

Reversible: Neostigmine; Irreversible: Organophosphates.

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14
Q

Primary Neurotransmitters in ANS

A

Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, Dopamine.

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15
Q

Alpha Agonist Drugs & Effects

A

Alpha1 (Phenylephrine) increases BP; Alpha2 (Clonidine) lowers BP.

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16
Q

Beta Agonist Drugs & Effects

A

Beta1 (Dobutamine) increases HR; Beta2 (Albuterol) bronchodilates.

17
Q

Dopamine Receptor Activation Effects

A

Low dose: Increases renal perfusion; High dose: Increases BP.

18
Q

Alpha Blockers Uses

A

Treat hypertension (Prazosin), BPH (Tamsulosin).

19
Q

Beta Blockers Uses

A

Reduce HR, BP (Propranolol, Atenolol).

20
Q

Selective vs. Nonselective Beta Blockers

A

Propranolol: Nonselective; Atenolol: Cardio-selective; Labetalol blocks Alpha & Beta.

21
Q

Centrally Acting Alpha-2 Agonists

A

Lower BP, treat opioid withdrawal (Clonidine, Methyldopa).

22
Q

Direct acting cholinergic agonists

A

Acetylcholine, Bethanechol, Carbachol, Pilocarpine (poor specificity, limited clinical use)

23
Q

Cholinergic Agonists Indications

A

Treat glaucoma, increase GI/bladder tone

24
Q

Treatment for muscarinic OD

25
Q

Indirect acting cholinergic agonists (reversible)

A

Edrophonium, Phygsostigmine, Neostigmine, Pyridostigmine (Tacrine, Donezepil, rivastigmine, galantamine)

26
Q

Indirect acting cholinergic agonists (reversible) MOA

A

Indirectly enhance cholinergic action by preventing breakdown of of Ach, resulting in accumulatin of Adh in synaptic space

27
Q

Physostigmine

A

Treats OD of anticholingeric drugs (ie Atropine); may leads to convulsions/ paralysis at high doses; renal dosing

28
Q

Neostigmine

A

Stimulates bladder/ GI tract; reversal agent for neuromuscular blocking agents; tx myasthenia gravis; CI in urinary obstructions; renal dosing

29
Q

Edrophonium

A

PROTOTYPE; short acting; increases muscle strength-used to diagnose myasthenia gravis; REMOVED FROM MARKET

30
Q

Cholinergic Agonists MOA

A

Bind to cholinergic receptors and prevent the effects of acetylcholine

31
Q

Atropine

A

PROTOTYPE; bradycardia; antidote for organophosphate poisoning, used in surgery to dry secretions, pupil dilation. CI in glaucoma; reversed by physostigmine

32
Q

Short acting antimuscarinic

A

Ipratroprium; Tx for bronchospasm in acute asthma/ COPD

33
Q

Long acting antimuscarinic

A

Tiatroprium; maintenance tx of bronchospasm

34
Q

Other antimuscarinic agents

A

Tropicamide (opthalmic), Benztropine (parkinsons), Oxybutnin (overactive bladder); all hepatically metabolized; careful with use in elders

35
Q

Ganglionic Blockers

A

LEAST clinically useful; Block the nicotinic receptor so used for Nicotine cessation

36
Q

Direct acting Adrenergic Agonists

A

Epi, Norepi, Dopamine, Phenylephrine, Midodrine, Clonidine, Dobutamine, Isoproterenool, Albuterol (Naphazoline, Formoterol, Mirabergron); hepatically metabolized

37
Q

Mixed acting Adrenergic Agonists

A

Ephedrine, Pseudoephedrine

38
Q

Nonselective alpha adrenergic Antagonists

A

Phenoxybezamine (irreversible), Phentolamine (reversible); used for prophylaxis of pheochromocytome and IV extravasion from Levo

39
Q

Selective Alpha Drenergic Antagonists

A

Tamulosin, Terazosin, Prazosin, Doxazosin; mainly treat elevated BP; hepatic metabolism; CI: patients that are already volume depleted; watch for “first-dose orthostasis”

Pharm (34 decks)

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