respiratory drugs

Question 1

beta 2 adrenergic receptor agonists innervate what muscles

Answer 1

beta 2 adrenergic receptors innervate bronchial smooth muscle

Question 2

beta 2 adrenergic effect on smooth muscle

Answer 2

beta 2 stimulation effects

• increase in adenylate cyclase activity -> increase in cAMP -> relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle
• decreases bronchoconstriction by antagonizing bronchoconstriction causing adenosine receptors

Question 3

beta 2 adrenergic effect on inflammation

Answer 3

• antiinflammatory -> helps block release of inflammatory mediators from mast cells

Question 4

beta 2 adrenergic effect on mucociliary clearance

Answer 4

increases mucociliary clearance in the resp tract

Question 5

Epinephrine

Answer 5

type: beta 2 agonist
use: emergency treatment of bronchoconstriction
adverse effects: nonspecific stimulation of alpha1 and beta 1 receptors
- alpha 1 = increase in peripheral resistance
- beta 1 = increased contractility and cardiac output

Question 6

clenbuterol (ventipulmin)

Answer 6

type: beta 2 agonist
use: Equine RAO
admin: oral syrup, injectable
adverse effects: tachycardia and muscle tremors (beta 1 effects)
banned in food animals

Question 7

salbutamol/albuterol (ventolin)

Answer 7

type: beta 2 agonist
use: acute asthma attack (little systemic effect), often used in cats and horses
adverse effect: chronic use can lead to down-regulation of beta receptors = less bronchodilation

Question 8

theophylline

Answer 8

type: methylxanthines
mechanism: phosphodiesterase inhibitor
effect: bronchiole smooth muscle relaxant
adverse effect: drug interactions due to cytochrome P450 mediated metabolism

Question 9

Atropine

Answer 9

type: anticholinergic
mechanism: inhibit vagally-mediated bronchial smooth muscle tone
effect: bronchodilation
adverse effects: may cause colic or ileus, increase HR, dry mouth, mydriasis

Question 10

glucocorticoids in resp system

Answer 10

anti inflammatory = lowers inflammation in airway, decreases airway response to ongoing allergens
use lowest effective dose
effect: increase effective radius -> increase airflow

Question 11

fluticasone

Answer 11

type: inhalent glucocorticoid
effects: most potent, longest lasting, less systemic absorption, doesn’t suppress the HPA as much

Question 12

ciclesonide

Answer 12

type: inhalent glucocorticoid, prodrug

equine intranasal inhaler

Question 13

butorphanol (torbutrol)

Answer 13

type antitussive (opioid), kappa agonist
mechanism: suppress couch center in medulla oblongata 
poor bioavailability in dogs so higher dose than used for equine IV injection

Question 14

tramadol

Answer 14

type: antitussive, opioid, agonist for multiple opioid receptor types
not as effective as butorphanol