Respiratory Distress Syndromes

Question 1

ARDS

acute respiratory distress syndrome

pathology

Answer 1

diffuse damage to alveolar:capillary interface

formation of hyaline membranes

Question 2

Hyaline membranes in ARDS

complications

Answer 2

diffusion barrier

alveolar collapse

Question 3

CXR of ARDS

Answer 3

“white out” of entire lung fields

Question 4

Damage in ARDS is mediated by…

Answer 4

neutrophils:

protease activation and free-radicals

Question 5

Tx of ARDS

Answer 5

positive end-expiratory pressure ventilation

keeps alveoli from collapsing

Question 6

Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

pathology

Answer 6

decreased surfactant production from type II pneumocytes

Question 7

Largest componenet of surfactant

Answer 7

phosphotidylcholine (lecithin)

Question 8

Testing for maturity of lungs prenatally

Answer 8

lecithin (phosphotidylcholine):sphingmyelin ratio

2 indicates mature lungs

Question 9

3 major risk factors for neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

Answer 9

1. premature
2. C-section: baby doesn’t make steroids via stress of going through birth canal
3. maternal diabetes: sugar gets into baby, baby makes insulin to lower its sugar

insulin inhibits steroid production

decreased maturation of type II pneumocytes

Question 10

CXR of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

Answer 10

“ground glass”

Question 11

Complications of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

Answer 11

hypoxemia: PDA and necrotizing enterocolitis

O₂ → free radicals: retinal injury and blindness, lung damage